What Are the Benefits and Limitations of Using Second Life in Education Essay Example for Free

What Are the Benefits and Limitations of Using Second Life in breeding EssayWhat are the benefits and limitations of development Second Life in Education? Use of the internet has increased exponentially in recent years, in both developed and developing countries, and educators are searching for ways of utilising the wise engineering and environment to enhance teaching and learning experiences. Second Life (SL) is a world which exists online. The world is complete with schools, universities, businesses and even criminal activity. As the enjoyment and popularity of SL grows, so too does the research regarding its viability as an educational tool. Both the apparent benefits and limitations have been considered in a variety of research papers (bread maker, Wentz Woods, 2009 Taylor Chung, 2008). In order to learn whether SL is a useful option for educational institutions, the following aspects will be considered as part of this review features of online learning, technical cons iderations and the overall potential uses. Some significant features of online learning discussed by the authors include accessibility, popularity, and community.Access to online learning is an all important(predicate) aspect to consider, for both teachers and students. The flexibility of the online environment means that this type of technology can potentially be accessed at many different ms and a variety of different places (Baker, Wentz and Woods, 2009). According to Baker et al. (2009), lecturers can make use of the technology by delivering their information via avatars. Taylor and Chung (2008) also consider the popularity of SL, and how this may encourage users to participate in online educational content.Indeed, as Baker et al. (2009) also suggest, students can be not that participants but can also create their own content (p. 60). They add that it is possible for students to meet to redeemher, attend discussion online and interact with tutors in an informal and relaxed way, as well as encouraging students who may otherwise be shy to have a voice. In this way they are building and share-out within their own communities and taking responsibility for their own learning.However, as Taylor and Chung (2008) assert, although SL might be popular, colourful, visual and interactive, students may not enjoy learning in this way, and using SL instead of more traditional methods may actually cause students to forget what they have learned. The authors suggest that the enjoyment of using an avatar and playing in SL may mean students do not focus on the aims of the lesson or lecture. Furthermore, Baker et al. (2009) suggest that there may be limitations of online interaction compared to face-to-face interaction.It is thus important for teacher to consider these issues before using SL. Not only that, there are also a few technical considerations such as cost and time, using SL and also technical knowledge been mentioned by the authors. Baker et al. (2009) claim that the cost of using SL could be differ. Anyone can use it for free moreover there are also whatever charges for plurality to have a virtual land in SL. According to Baker et al. (2009), people need to consume time to get used to SL. There are initial times to create an avatar, control it, and communicate using computer.Taylor and Chung (2008) clarify that in order to get the benefits people have to invest money and time for the programming content. Being failed to control avatar, learners might become de-motivated and not willing to use it. By using SL, Baker et al. (2009) remind teachers to consider the objective of online teaching, thinking if it is appropriate for the class or not, can they or the learners be familiarized with the technology and even developed crude class management techniques. In fact, Baker et al. 2009) point out that the technical requirement of using SL is higher than basic requirement.Also, there might be some potential issues such as slow connection, slide shows problem, and security issue. Taylor and Chung (2008) add that there are not a lot of record storages and the computer might get slow due to many graphics. In addition, the authors also insist that there are some overall potentials like new technology, uses in present fields and potential issues using SL in education and training purposes. Baker et al. 2009) reveal that SL is a new technology which launched in 2003, yet some educators already investigating the uses of SL in teaching and learning purposes.Its dominant is SL is not a game like Active Worlds, MMPORGs, and Whyville its a place for social communication. There are some possible issues that people need to be careful as it may have serious effects. Students need to be informed the appropriate usage of the new technologySL in learning.Besides that, they need to be taught the proper way to behave themselves and protect their privacy small-arm using SL.Furthermore, an emergency plan should be planned so that whe n the technology having problems and not performing well, students will not lost temper and cause awful impacts. Taylor and Chung (2008) suggest that SL is a powerful tool in helping training and development sectors. Nevertheless, they also discover that IBM still remains using text-based collaboration which leads to the cogency of SL. It still has some difficulties to an effective transmission for instruction and content management.As a result, there are lots of potential to be found in the human-computer interaction, usability and instructional design. Through the articles reviewed it seems that the benefits and drawbacks of using SL are equal. Although SL can helps people in learning, people still have to pay much more efforts on it. To get used to SL, people have to spent money, time, and think out the appropriate way to use it wisely. Obviously, SL has the potential to facilitate peoples learning. In fact, to use it or not depends on the further research whether the benefits can overcome the limitations or not.

Public order Essay Example for Free

Public order EssayStep 11. Why is public order obligatory? Primarily, its purpose is to maintain an ideal state of public decency as possible. A set standard applied to all citizens with little to no gray field of operation in needed for this purpose. Without public order and its controls, no threat of repercussions against acts exists (to include criminal, personal or political violence) potentially creating a free-for-all and ensuing chaos.2. Does our guild have enough public order or too little? Unless the US implements a system commensurate with that of a totalitarian/communist government, it is weighed down to measure whether current public order policies are sufficient or lacking. Having said that, I believe there are enough controls in deposit to justify the amount that we do have without infringing on rights. As of now, they are stringent enough to make potential criminals at least consider the heaviness of actions before they act on them. Considering the individua l wills and motives of 300 million people, the current system is doing as good a job as can be expected.Step 23. What can shame statistics tell us about the crime picture in America? How has that picture changed over time? It gives those that bailiwick/analyze crime rates data about how specific crimes can be compared across a spectrum of areas time. There have been three separate ebbs and flows of crime over nearly 70 years of statistics collection. The most consistent factor has been due to major shifts in the male population and socio-economic picture (wars, baby-boom civil rights struggle) during these times, pair with increased government and law enforcement efforts.

Multinational Enterprises Engage In Foreign Direct Investment Economics Essay

Multi issue Enterprises Engage In Foreign Direct Investment Economics EssayA transnational endeavor is defined as an first step that engages unlike direct investment (FDI) and owns or controls value adding activities in more than one verdant (John H. Dunning, 1992). Today all spoiled multinational enterprisingness was once a small sozzled with a less add of employees. Once the firm started manufacturing the crossing according to customer necessitate and satisfaction, then the firm bathroom reach high achievement in the market. To start a business a firm needs a great amount. In the beginning stage of business the firm does not know how to market the product and who are the entire customers and what actually the consumer want.The substantial reason that firms source the products is to know what actually the consumer really needs and to understand the market find outs. Outsourcing helps to reduce the overall bells in an organization. So the cost factor becomes less . Once the firm satisfies customer needs and satisfaction then the business and market can be internationally dissipateed. To achieve high success in business, the firm has to externalize products according to consumer needs and satisfaction than market conditions.Market conditions are also an importingant factor the firms should know how well the product is playing into market and how retentive it lasts in the market. Customers are the king source in business. To reach our product to all kinds of customers is through advertising, the advertising costs are expensive. So if the firms outsource the product then there is no problem to worry about advertising costs. To expand the business globally the firm has to manufacture products with good quality.A national enterprise is the one which does business within the country and it has no foreign direct investment (FDI) and no exchange value. The difference between national enterprise and multinational enterprise is national enterpris e has less number of competitors and multinational enterprise has more number of competitors. Once the business started growing globally the multinational enterprise contributes fifty percent of bills to its organization.To do a business in a particular product, the product has to be patented. The cost of obtaining the patent attest is expensive. So if the firms outsource the products then the patent cost becomes less. If the patent license is obtained, then the business can be expanded globally and export cost is also reduced. Globalization is the circulation of goods, services and capital, but also information, ideas and people. It has shaped all of the twentieth century, albeit with large cyclical variations and has become an increasingly visible force in recent decades (World Bank, 2000).FDILocal Packing AssemblyExport through own Supply representative or sale subsidiaryvxfczxfgdRepresentative or gross revenue subsialaryExport via agent or distributorLicenseTimeDepth of invol vement in foreign marketFig 1 Entry into foreign MarketSource Rugman A.M., and Collinson S,2009Once the business starts growing globally, the competitive advantage also starts increasing. We allow come to know about latest technology in the market and more firms in the world. In the initial stage the firm should target notwithstanding one country to market the product. Once the firms become success in that country then the firms can target many other countries. If the firm exports the product through agents or through distributors then the firm will come to know about the market conditions and the competitive advantage of the product.The important thing is that firms should concentrate mainly on quality, customers need and satisfaction and market condition of the product. The reason that firms export the product through agents or through distributors is the exportation cost. The exportation cost is less. Once the quantity of customers is increased, then the firm can achieve high profits. Then gradually the firm can increase its production and globally the market is also expanded. The firms can exchange ideas and information, improves communication and networking is developed.Initially the main reasons for outsourcing the business are the cost factor. Cost is an important factor to design a business. While doing business the firms should know how to control the overall costs and expenditure. The main aim is to manufacture products with good quality and low costs. The raw material costs are high and the availability of raw materials is very low. Once the number of consumers is gained the business is expanded globally and the firm itself can directly market the product.The main reasons for multinational enterprises are responsiveness to environmental forces such as competitors, customers, suppliers, financial institutions and government. Attracts common pool of resources including assets, patents, trademarks and human resources. More number of competitors sta rts increasing once the firms become multinational enterprise.The level of development of each country vis--vis the aforementioned prerequisites clear differs (Patrick, 2000). Central Europe is advanced in terms of infrastructure and privatization than south-west Europe. Mainly western countries give tax benefits and the government itself will provide funds for the firms which are all sick. Foreign direct investment takes an increasingly important role in the restructuring process which hinges on a number of variables. The main reasons that firms go for multinational enterprise is the job opportunities.Job opportunities will be expanded and a large number of employments are provided to large number of people. The national enterprise face pressure from trade union activity to avoid company spread their bases around the world this in turn weakens the companys growth and economy. One of the important reason firms go multinational is to increase sales and to expand production activitie s. National firms naturally do not become multinational firms the company has to expand its production, manufacture good quality products and should solve the problems. There should be a smooth flow in running the firms. Then only the company has modify in its production, profit, technology and growth.The advantages of multinational company are as follows-Marketing opportunity When they expand over different countries their market expands. The products can be marketed world-wide in different parts of the world and the exports also can be increased. Joint -venture with overseas countries also makes a national firm multinational.Research and Development This helps us to manufacture products with good quality. If any failure occurs, while designing a product, this helps us to rectify the errors. And immediately the problem is solved.Export promotion Export and import plays a key role for the countries income. Lot of foreign exchange is earned through supply of raw materials, technolog y and various other product.Growth of application The growth of multinational companies are considered to be quick when compared to others. It also helps the domestic companies to grow by giving work opportunities. They also help them enter global market through their network.Gives latest technology it plays the role of manufacturing good quality products and reduces the cost of production. Multinational companies are basically rich. It solves the bridge between developed countries and maturation countries.Optimum utilization of resources this helps us to utilize the natural and artificial resource in a preserved manner. Uses natural and artificial resources of the home country. Home country gets benefited by the growth of these companies.Help to local industry This provides a ready market to domestic suppliers of raw materials or semi-finished productsManagement opportunities Opens management opportunities to management students who can be appointed as professional managers to ea rn a handsome salary and build reputation of the company.National development Developing countries are passing benefited by the multinational companies. It helps them to increase their efficiency and improve the technology and most importantly foreign direct investment. It helps the developing country improve economically as well by providing financial and technical support.Monopoly When multinational company enters in to domestic market they compete with existing competitors and break the monopoly of selected few companies.ConclusionFirms go multinational as they are bound to have many advantages such as cheap labour, cheap raw materials which will help them in cost cutting. They enter into a competitive market and strive to increase their sales. There are three important stages to become a multinational firm. They greatly estimate up on export and expansions of export sales to justify building new plants out of the countries. Secondly overseas production, there must be a limit t o overseas sales that is being halted by a multinational company. Lastly the firm needs to start their research, planning, organizing, coordinating, production, marketing and financial support which is verbalise to be RD (Research and Development) to go multinational. In deciding whether the reasons for becoming multinational have changed, considering the buzz word has only been around for the best part of forty days it is fair to say that it has not. If we look back at the end of the last century the only difference is that the huge petroleum companies, gold mines and fruit growers only became multinational. To get closer to their market, the transport of such goods are difficult than it is today. Indeed, as recently as it could still be taken as axiomatic that it was both(prenominal) desirable and feasible for firms that were diversified both by product and to develop multidimensional strategic capabilities. To build broader organizational capabilities those transcend formal st ructure.ReferencingArtisien.P and Maksimenko 2000.Multinationals in easterly Europe. London St.Martins Press Inc. pp.11-35Coolreferat. 2008.Why Do National Firms Become M Essay. ONLINE Available athttp//pda.coolreferat.com/Why_Do_National_Firms_Become_M_Essay. Accessed 29th March 2011Haider. M.J. 2010.Advantages of Multinational Company. ONLINE Available athttp//www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/125324-Advantages-Multinational-Company.aspx. Accessed 24th March 2011John H. Dunning, 2000. The eclectic paradigm as an envelope for economic and business theories of MNE activity, International moving in Review 9 (1), pp.163-190.Needle,D. 2004. Globalization Paoli,L. and Cooke,A.Business in Context. 5th ed. Hampshire Rennie,T. pp.11-46.Rugman A.M., and Collinson S, 2009.International Business. 5th ed. Essex MCGraw-Hill. pp.7-21,39-45.World Bank. 2000.Poverty in Age of Globalisation. ONLINE Available athttp//www.sph.umich.edu/symposium/2004/pdf/povertyglobalization.pdf. Accessed 29th Mar ch 2011

Paulo Freires Pedagogy Of The Oppressed Literature Essay

Paulo Freires Pedagogy Of The Oppressed Literature EssayThe Pedagogy of the Oppressed was written in 1968. The book became widely common within a few social classs and was the subject of discussion by numerous people in the educational world as well as activists. In the teaching realm this book laughingstock be seen as something like an icon. It gives an inside view of the relationship triangle involved with education. The book force out be seen as a set of guiding principles which Freire admits atomic number 18 skills hes learned through experience.Freire encourages individuals to use growth through accompaniments from daily life and learned lessons from dower as tools to further your learning experiences. Paulo Freires purpose in writing the Pedagogy of the Oppressed is to help oppressed individuals form themselves and avoid being formed by other peoples acts of oppression.This book has a high level of vocabulary and word scheme that helps in its own focal point to educate the reader not scarce of oppression only in literacy as well, which was one Freires main works in life. Through break this book you will find different proposals do by Freire to help individuals form themselves and heighten their own education. One of such examples is for a person to take his own life experiences that are constantly encountered instead of made up occurrences to rationalize problems in the educational aspect.Paulo Freire was born September 19, 1921 in Recife, Pemambuco, Brazil. His family was one that would be considered snapper class. His father Joaquim Freire was an officer of the Pemambuco military police, while his set about tended to the home. During the Great Depression, the familys economic troubles resulted in them relocating in Jaboatao, which is where most of Paulos childhood and early teen years were spent. His mother managed to get him accepted into a private give instruction in Recife, on a scholarship when he entered high school. Later in life Pa ulo would return to teach Portuguese at the same institution.At the young age of 13, Freires father passed away, that was the year of 1934. Paulo had a hard time making his way into the upper class society in his high school, because of his middle class status. School was a rattling important factor to the young adolescent and he strived to do his best in his studies. At the age of 20, Paulo was in Law school and had already mastered his grammar in Portuguese and was starting his studies in philosophy Sociology.In 1943 Paulo Freire married a elementary school instructor names, Elza Oliveira, just a year aft(prenominal) he started Law School. Freires Law career was a short one which ended before he could pull down put his skills to use with his first client. Freires wife confided in him that shes anticipated hes change his mind to education. Later the majority of his life would be based around his works in education and his strives to make improve the educational system.In 1946 Freire took everywhere the Pemambuco Department of Education and Culture of the Social Service Industry as the Director. His 10 year term is detailed in the Pedagogy of Hope, another of Freires great works. The experience helped further Freires achievements by giving him a basis on which to develop his doctorial dissertation in 1959. This is what led to his first book, Education as the Practice of Freedom, which was completed and published during the premature years of his exile in Chile in during 1965.During 1957 Paulo was also appointed as the director of SESIs Pemambuco Regional Chapter Division of Research and planning. In 1959 Freire was appointed as the professor of the History and Philosophy of Education at the School of fine arts, after his thesis was accepted and hed done some(prenominal) traveling and consulting with other SESI programs as well as founding the Capibarbie Institute which is perpetrate to scientific, ethical and moral education.Freire received many acco mplishments and credit entrys of honor as well as appointments of honor, many of which were educationally related. However after March 31, 1964 Freires exceedingly pass on career took a pause. After Freires participation for education movements and the peasants proved able to read the military came in and took control, throwing Paulo into prison twice and sending him into exile.To offend envision the purpose of the book, it is essential to first cope the meaning behind the title. According to Merriam-Websters online dictionary, the meaning of the word Pedagogy is The art or science of teaching specially Education. This is the basis of the book itself Freire directs our attention to the relationship between that of a teacher and student along with society Another word that it is vital to sympathise is Oppressed, I turned once again to Merriam-Webster for this definition which is as follows To crush or burden by use of power and authority.Paulo Freires Pedagogy of the Oppressed gives us a view into the education system and how it is becoming less of a good learning tool. The education system has become less productive, and the teachers are sucking the very supplement of life out of the lessons. The minds of students today resemble that of storage, filled solid with memorized information that is later replaced when the next subject is being taught. We can see essay in this today as many teachers focus in the classroom is prepping their students to the conjures standards so that they whitethorn pass the standardized tests. The teachers teach specifically to the test ceaselessly replacing information in the students storage so that only the test materials remain.Freires book clues us in on the relationship between teacher and student, and the rule that the teachers try to instill in the students to produce the perfect student, some of which include The teacher is the main subject or specimen for the students, and the students are objects waiting to be molding into what the teacher perceives to be the perfect student. This relationship refers to Freires comment in his book During theinitial stage of their struggle the oppressed find in the oppressor their model of manhood. (Freire 46) This is one of the quotes I selected throughout the book that I believe help the reader to gain insight to the message being delivered through Freires text.Oppression of students is much easier the much teachers dominate and control their students. Sometimes they are successful in their endeavors and others times the students notice this and rebel in an attempt to challenge the teachers and dominate over them instead. Freedom is acquired by conquest, not by gift. (Freire 47) This quote is used not only to give hope but also instruction. Sometimes shedding a previous habit or custom seems near impossible but in Freires text he uses this statement to show that in that respect is a way to break free from the overbearing rules so that one may gain his or her freedom.When reading the book I saw that the main tool of subordination when using the Oppressor-Oppressed method in education is the banking approach. The banking method, which is only the act of depositing information into a student, has very little connection to critical thinking skills or creative thought process. The method is set up that way so that there is no room to threaten authority. In this aspect the teacher is superior because they know all the information that they are to instill in the student but it is highly unlikely that through lecture alone the student will understand the importance and application of this new information, which the teacher more than likely will know.This is another example of the relationships Freire talks about amongst students and teachers, the teacher knows everything and the students know nothing. I find this to be false though, even though the oppressed (students) are more often than not at a great disadvantage to the experience of the teachers they, being oppressed know in a different mavin a far greater importance than their oppressors.In the Pedagogy of the Oppressed Freire says Who are better prepared than the oppressed to understand the terrible significance of an oppressive society? Who suffer the effects of oppression more than the oppressed? Who can better understand the necessity of liberation? They will not gain this liberation by chance but through the praxis of their quest for it, through their recognition of the necessity to fight for it. And this fight, because of the purpose given it by the oppressed, will actually constitute an act of love opposing the lovelessness which lies at the heart of the oppressors violence, lovelessness even when absorbed in false generosity. I took this to mean that even though they may be oppressed in the end it is the oppressed who often teach the oppressor a far greater lesson than they would have been able to teach themselves.Oppression can be the control fac tor in everything we as a people do. In education there is a formula for the success and Oppression is the control factor in the experiment. Without oppression students would use their creativity analytical skills to seek out the answers to challenges in everyday life as well as in the classroom. One thing that is very important to understand about education is that there isnt one set method or formula to teach or learn something, there is only what works best for the teacher or learner.Freires pedigree presented in the Pedagogy of the Oppressed is indisputable. He delivers his view not by the over-use of factual information and evidence but by creating a sense of any acceptance or denial of his belief. The author is able to deflect opposing arguments by first establishing his idea of the Oppressor within. Then throughout reading the book that single idea is able to back Freire in the majority of his statements leaving many critiques unable to ridicule his work.One of Freires arg uments was that educators needed to have a profound intrust in people. Their goal is to be able to understand, accept and connect with the people so that they may help raise a type of awareness in the people and their actions. However this goal can sometimes back-fire and end with negative results, if done incorrectly and with force, no compromise, disregard for the peoples culture and beliefs.Paulo Freires Pedagogy of the Oppressed was a wonderful read and left me insightful to the teacher student relationships, the beliefs of Paulo Freire . I believe that Freire put much thought and passion into the writing of this book and more than proficiently backed his opinion and arguments throughout the book in its entirety. Freires tone and attitude suggest that we are either supporters of the oppressed or oppressors ourselves.While this is a standard good vs. evil theme there is a more in depth meaning behind Freire forcing you to choose a side. This however can only be taken to a certai n level without potentially warping future educators, resulting in an unbalanced structure and behavior. While reading, I got the sense that the author was often using everyday occurrences to help relate to pedagogical situations. The authenticity of my thought pattern here could be very accurate because after doing some research on Paulo Freire I saw in his biography that Pedagogy of the Oppressed was written with influence from some of Freires very own experiences in the educational career. His method makes a great deal of sense seeing as his approach was to reach and educator the world of the education system.This book is ideal for educators as well as parents and students. The Pedagogy of the Oppressed explains in great details the education system and the relationship of powers amongst students and teachers. Freire divides the world into the oppressed and oppressor, this is the under the confidence that the wielder and submitters to power fall into those categories. Although n either is free from the other, the oppressed are those who take the brunt of the relationship.Not only are the oppressed being suppressed by their oppressors but they also are conflicted with a fearfulness of freedom. (Freire 47) This confliction is what allows the oppressors to maintain and strengthen their superiority and keep the oppressed in a state of inferiority. I believe it was Freires hope that in writing this book and sharing his insight with the world he would somehow manage to lend a hand in the oppressed realizing their serving and perceive the reality of oppression not as a closed world from which there is no exit, but as a limiting situation which they can transform. (Freire)Although many educators have analyzed this book along with students, parents, and various people in the political world there are still many who do not grasp the importance of Freires work. The pedagogy of the oppressed is an instrument for their critical discovery. It is tool of liberation for t he oppressed who have not realized their state of oppression. Once a person reads this book, if Freire has a accomplished his goal in that individual they will being to notice topics that Freire mentions throughout the book and realize that they may or may not have been a victim of oppression at some point in their lives.

Differences Between Micro And Macro Economics Economics Essay

Differences Between Micro And Macro Economics Economics EssayEach NCC Education assessed assignment submitted by you must sop up this fixment attached to the assignment as the cover page or it impart not be accepted for marking. Please ensure that this statement is either firmly attached to the cover of the assignment or electronic entirelyy inserted into the front of the assignment.Student declarationI live with read and understood NCC Educations Policy on Academic Dishonesty and Plagiarism.I can confirm the following detailsStudent ID/Registration number 4-16-03-09-010Name Mahabuba RahmanCentre Name Daffodil install of ITModule Name EconomicsModule Leader Mr. Abdullah-Hil-MuntakimNumber of wordsI confirm that this is my own work and that I have not plagiaristic any part of it. I have besides noted the assessment criteria and pass mark for assignments.Due Date 18th February, 2010Students Signature Mahabuba RahmanDate of complaisance 17th February, 2010AcknowledgementAt last , an arduous journey has come to an end. It was a great experience to make an assignment on frugals. For the successful completion of the diametrical argonas in the process of writing the assignment, many volume extended their helping hands and their practical thoughts as well. Without all those helps from different fields, it would not be realizable to ease the entire process and make smooth works. In the first place, I want to express my heartiest gratitude to our respected teacher and mentor, Mr. Abdullah-Hil-Muntakim, for guiding us with necessity advices, whenever needed. This assignment is assigned by NCC Education UK. I would also like to thank NCC Education UK for providing me such an enjoyable assignment like this.Mahabuba RahmanTable of limitTask1. 01 to 05Task2. 06 to 14Task3. 15 to 17Task4. 18 to 21Task5. 22 to 24References Bibliography . 25Task-1What is Economics?The Economists Dictionary of Economics defines political economy asThe study of the convergenceion, scattering and consumption of wealth in military man society.Another definition of the subject comes from the economist Lionel Robbins, who said in 1935 that1Economics is a social science that studies human behavior as a relationship in the midst of ends and scarce means which have alternative uses. That is, economics is the study of the trade-offs involved when choosing amongst alternate sets of decisions. tally to Adam Smith, Economics is a study of an enquiry into the nature and causes of wealth of nations.J. S. Mills says, Economics is a study of the practical science of the output signal and dissemination of wealthGenerally, Economics is a study of how people allocate their limited resources such as land, labor and capital to provide for their unlimited wants.2The basic economic problem is about scarcity and choice since t here(predicate) are only a limited amount of resources operable to produce the unlimited amount of goods and work we desire.In an economy, people h ave unlimited desire for goods and services i.e. unlimited wants, just the resources in the world are limited and so we cannot satisfy all our wants and are forced to choose as to which goods to produce.Therefore, scarcity and choice or limited resources and unlimited wants sum up the basic economic problem.We can summarize this idea into the following figure3Limited ResourcesCan be used to produceLimited amount of goods services.Which then satisfyUnlimited amount of people wantsFIG Limited Resources and Unlimited wantsAs we are faced with the problem of scarcity, in that respect are 3 important economic decisions to be considered.What goods and services to be produced and what bar i.e. how much to be produced?How or by what method goods and services should be produced?For who are goods and services to be produced i.e. who are to enjoy the goods and services produced? prospect constituteOpportunity represent is the cost we pay when we give up something to stay put something else. There can be many alternatives that we give up to get something else, but the opportunity cost of a decision is the most desirable alternative we give up to get what we want4.Opportunity cost of significant a want is the next best alternative that has to be forgone (i.e. the cost of giving up something in order to obtain something else).As for example, a soul has $5 and he can spend on chocolate or grate gum or a combination of both.Price of a rampart of chocolate = $0.50Price of a exclude of chewing gum =$0.20 icon 1 Opportunity CostThere are 6 attainable combinations available to him using all his money. Assuming that he is consuming 6 bars of chocolate and 10 bars of chewing gum, the opportunity cost of the 8th bar of chocolate is what he must give up in order to get that 8th bar, which in this case is 5 bars of chewing gum.The describe on the above diagram shows a constant opportunity cost of consuming 2 additional bars of chocolate is 5 bars of chewing gum.Opportun ity Cost is represented by the slope of that line.5In simple terms, opportunity cost of an work on A is the next best alternative action B that you give up. For example, if you spend one hour in reading then you are actually giving up one hour of sportfishing which is say, your next best alternative use of that one hour.6Reading for an hour means giving upSo opportunity cost of reading is fishing.Differences between Micro and Macro EconomicsMacro- and microeconomics, and their wide array of underlying concepts,have been the subject of a great deal of writings. The field of study is vast here is a brief summary of what each coversa).Microeconomics is the study of decisions that people and businesses make regarding the allocation of resources and expenditures of goods and services. This means also taking into account taxes and regulations created by governments. Microeconomicsfocuses on go forth and pauperism and other forces that determine the monetary value levels seen in the eco nomy. For example, microeconomics would look at how a specific company could maximize its production and capacity soit could set about equipment casualtys and better compete in its industry.7On the other hand,Macroeconomics is the field of economics that studies the behavior of the economy as a whole and not just on specific companies, but entire industries and economies. This looks at economy-wide phenomena, such asGross National Product (GDP) and how it is affected by changes in unemployment, national income, rate of growth, and value levels. For example, macroeconomics would look at how an increase/decrease in net exports would affect a nationscapital account or how GDP would be affected by unemployment rate.b)Microeconomics deals with the economics of the firm, examples are Consumers Behavior and Production Theory.8Macroeconomics deals with the aggregates, examples are National Income Accounts and Inflation.c)Microeconomics ( scurvy economics), which examines the economic beha vior of agents (including individuals and firms) Microeconomics looks at interactions through individual commercializes, disposed scarcity and government regulation. A given commercialise might be for a product, say fresh corn, or the services of a factor of production. The speculation considers aggregates of measuring rod withdrawed by buyers and quantity supplied by mete outers at each possible price per unit. It weaves these together to describe how the market may reach sense of balance as to price and quantity or respond to market changes over time.9Macroeconomics (big economics), addressing issues of unemployment, inflation, monetary and fiscal policy for an entire economy. Macroeconomics examines the economy as a whole to explain broad aggregates and their interactions top down, that is, using a simplified put to work of general- symmetry theory. Such aggregates include national income and output, the unemployment rate, and price inflation and sub aggregates like tota l consumption and investment spending and their components. It also studies effects of monetary policy and fiscal policy.TASK-02 take away CurveIn economics, the contract twist is the graph depicting the relationship between the price of a certain commodity, and the amount of it that consumers are departing and able to purchase at that given price. It is a graphic representation of a demand schedule.10The demand curve is a graphical representation of the data in the demand schedule. It slopes downwards from left to right indicating that the quantity demanded increases as the price falls.11The table under is the demand schedule that lists the quantity of a commodity that would be demanded at various price levels with a given income. It shows the relationship between quantity, demanded and price.PriceQuantity Demanded500401302203104QuantityPrice5040302010Fig Individual demand curve1 2 3 4 5Demand curves are used to estimate behaviors in agonistical markets, and are a great deal combined with fork out curves to estimate the equilibrium price (the price at which sellers together are willing to sell the similar amount as buyers together are willing to buy, also known as market clearing price) and the equilibrium quantity (the amount of that good or service that will be produced and bought without surplus/ redundancy supply or shortage/excess demand) of that marketAn example of a demand curveIn the diagram, the line labeled D shows a plot of that demand curve, say for blue jean prices and number of pairs demanded. Prices are P (in $) and quantity is Q (in number of product units) on this diagram. At a price of $75 (vertical bloc), two pairs are demanded (Q on level axis). As the price P on vertical axis is lowered from $75 to $50, the quantity demanded Q is increased from two pairs to three pairs of blue jeans.12Market Demand Curve13The market demand curve is the curve tie in to the demand of the commodity demanded by the group of people to that different price.How a market demand curve is derivedThe market demand curve is the horizontal aggregate of individual demand curves. Individual demand is the key initiator of the production process. It is independent of all factors other than the preference curve, prices and income constraint. The law of demand lower the price, greater amount demanded, i.e. demand curve is negatively slopedFig Market Demand CurveMarket Demand Schedule and Curve14Market demand is the total demand of all the consumers for particular goods. It can also be derived by the lateral summation of the consumers demand curves.Price($)Market Demandedbuyer ABuyer B8002270033600445015640268303710204812105914The following demand curve is drawn on the basis of the data for buyer A, given in the above table.P80 070605040302010 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 QFig As Demand CurveThe following demand curve is drawn on the basis of the data for buyer B, given in the above table. In this graph the price value are set up in the X-axis and the qu antity values are set up along Y-axis.P28070605040302010 90 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QFig Bs Demand CurveFollowing is the Fig. of a market Demand Curve15P80 (0+2) =270605040302010 (5+9) =140 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 QFig Market Demand CurveThe market demand curve is a graph drawn by the combination of the above demand curves. The market demand value is calculated from the demand of buyer A and buyer B. The market demand values are aggregated values for the values of buyer A and buyer B. We have calculated the values in the above table.In this graph the price values are set up along X-axis and the quantity values are set up along Y-axis.A Firms Output Decision in the short-runThe short run is a period of time for which two conditions holdThe firm is operational under a fixed scale (fixed factor) of production, andFirms can neither enter nor date an industry.In the short run, all firms have be that they must nominate regardless of their output. These kinds of costs are called fixed cos ts.Costs in the Short Run16Fixed cost is any cost that does not depend on the firms level of output. These costs are incurred even if the firm is producing nothing.Variable cost is a cost that depends on the level of production chosen.TC= TFC+ TVCTotal Cost = Total Fixed Cost + Total Variable Cost.2501,00042001,00053331,0003(2)TFC(3)AFC (TFC/q)5001,00021,0001,0001$ 0(1)qAFC falls as output rises a phenomenon sometimes called spreading overhead17In the above figure, when the firms production is 0 it has to occur $1000 as a fixed cost. And at the production level of 3 or 5 units, the firm has to occur the same amount of fixed cost. So with increase in the number of production units the average fixed cost is reduced.Output DecisionsIn the short run, a competitive firm faces a demand curve that is simply a horizontal line at the market equilibrium price.18A Firms Output Decision in the long-runFirms expand in the long-run when increasing returns to scale are available.19Output Decisions In a decreasing cost industry, costs decline as a result of industry expansion, and the LRIS is downward-sloping.20In an increasing cost industry, costs rise as a result of industry expansion, and the LRIS is upward-sloping.21TASK-3How an equilibrium price and equilibriumquantity is achieved?We often show the market equilibrium through a supply and demand diagram shown below. This figure is a combination of the supply curve and the demand curve. Combining two graphs is possible because they are drawn with just the same units on each axis.We find the market equilibrium by looking for the price at which quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. The market equilibrium price comes at the intersection of the supply and demand curve, at the intersecting point. At a particular price, at the intersecting point, firms willingly supply what consumers willingly demanded. When the price is too low, less the price of the intersecting point, quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied.22Figure 1 Market Equilibrium Comes at the Intersection of Supply and Demand CurvesA competitive market is in equilibrium if, at the current market price, the number of units that consumers wish to buy equals the number of units producers wished to sell. In other words, market equilibrium occurs where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. At the equilibrium price, P*, the equilibrium quantity is Qd=Qs=Q*, where Qd is the quantity demanded and Qs is the quantity supplied. The asterisk indicates equilibrium.In a competitive market, this equilibrium is demonstrate at the intersection of the supply and demand curves. There are no storage or surpluses at the equilibrium price.The effects of excess supply on market equilibriumMarket equilibrium is the situation, where at a certain price level, the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded of a particular commodity are equal. Thus, the market can clear, with no excess supply or demand, and there is no tendency to change in either price or quantity.The equilibrium price and quantity will be changed if there is a shift in either or both of the supply or demand curve. Shifts in the supply and demand curves are caused by changes in conditions behind supply and demand not price changes.An increase or decrease in supply will also affect the equilibrium position. An increase in supply shifts the supply curve to the right, thus lowering equilibrium price while raising equilibrium quantity. A decrease in supply, which shifts the supply curve to the left, however, raises equilibrium price and lowers equilibrium quantity.In Figure 2, the quantity supplied at price 0P1 (0Q2) exceeds the quantity demanded. Thus, we have a situation of excess supply or a glut in the market. In order to remove excess supply, sellers will offer to sell at a lower price. The fall in the price results in an expansion of demand, and a contraction in supply (movement along the curves towards the equilibrium point). This will continue to occur as long a s there is excess supply, until we reach the intersection of supply and demand, where at price 0Pe, the market clears, that is, the quantity supplied and demanded is equal.23Figure 1 Excess supply situationThe effects of excessdemand on market equilibriumDiagrammatically, market equilibrium occurs where the demand and supply curves intersect, at the point where the quantity demanded is exactly equal to the quantity demanded. Let us first consider the case where there is excess demand, where the current price is below that of equilibrium, as shown in Figure 224Figure 2 Excess demand situationFigure 2 reveals that at price 0P1, the quantity demanded (0Q2) exceeds the quantity supplied (0Q1). Competition among buyers for the limited quantity of goods available means that consumers will start bidding up the price. The rise in the price results in an expansion in supply and a contraction in demand (movement along the curves towards the equilibrium point). This will continue to occur as l ong as there is excess demand. Eventually, we will reach the intersection of the supply and demand curves, where at price 0Pe, the quantity supplied 0Qe exactly equals the quantity demanded by consumers.In conclusion, the market forces of supply and demand interact to bring about the equilibrium price, clearing the market of excess demand or supply. In this way, it is said that the market mechanism achieves consistency between the plans and outcomes for consumers and producers without explicit coordination.Task-4Perfect CompetitionIn neoclassical economics and microeconomics, perfect competition describes a market in which there are many small firms, all producing homogeneous goods. In the short term, such markets are productively inefficient as output will not occur where bare(a) cost is equal to average cost, but allocatively efficient, as output under perfect competition will always occur where marginal cost is equal to marginal revenue, and wherefore where marginal cost equals average revenue. However, in the long term, such markets are both allocatively and productively efficient. In general a perfectly competitive market is characterized by the fact that no single firm has influence over the price of the product it sells. Because the conditions for perfect competition are very strict, there are few perfectly competitive markets.25A perfectly competitive market may have several(prenominal) distinguishing characteristics, includingInfinite Buyers/Infinite Sellers Infinite consumers with the willingness and ability to buy the product at a certain price, Infinite producers with the willingness and ability to supply the product at a certain price.Zero Entry/ survive Barriers It is relatively easy to enter or exit as a business in a perfectly competitive market.Perfect Information Prices and character reference of products are assumed to be known to all consumers and producersTransactions are Costless Buyers and sellers incur no costs in making an exch ange.Firms Aim to maximise Profits Firms aim to sell where marginal costs meet marginal revenue, where they generate the most profit.Homogeneous Products The characteristics of any given market good or service do not vary across suppliersCharacteristics of Perfect Competition26Large number of sellers.Only homogeneous products are for sale.Firms are allowed to enter and exit freely.Perfect mobility of factors.Perfect knowledge of all market situations.Absents of transport cost.The Fig of Perfect Competition is given below27OligopolyIn economics, an oligopoly is a market form in which a market or industry is dominated by a small number of sellers (oligopolists). The word is derived, by analogy with monopoly, from the Greek oligoi few and poleein to sell. Because there are few sellers, each oligopolistic is likely to be aware of the actions of the others. The decisions of one firm influence, and are influenced by, the decisions of other firms. Strategic planning by oligopolistic de mand to be taken into account as a likely response of the other market participants.28This causes oligopolistic markets and industries to be a high risk for collusion.29Oligopoly is a reciprocal market form. As a quantitative description of oligopoly, the four-firm concentration ratio is often utilized. This measure expresses the market share of the four largest firms in an industry as a percentage.30In short, Oligopoly is a situation in which a particular market is controlled by a small group of firms.31In other words, Oligopoly is the state of limited competition between few producers or sellers.Characteristics of Oligopoly32Only few companies in the market.Sell either homogenous products or differentiated products.Barriers of entry exist. coarse interdependence in decision-makingNon-price competition exists.An oligopoly is much like amonopoly, in whichonly one company exerts control over most of a market. In an oligopoly, there are at least two firms controlling the market.Kinke d demand curve is a demand curve made up of two part its suggested oligopolistic follow each reductions, but not price rises.Kinked demand curve can be used to explain why prices in oligopolistic markets are often rigid or stable for relatively long periods of time. Price Rigidity is a condition where one follows a decrease in price but not an increase in price. This is due to the ability of other firms to match prices with it and it often leads to a kinked demand curve.33Task-5Keynesian economicsKeynesian economics (also called Keynesianism Theory) is a macroeconomic theory based on the ideas of 20th-century British economist John Maynard Keynes. Keynesian economics argues that private sector decisions sometimes lead to inefficient macroeconomic outcomes and therefore advocates active policy responses by the public sector, including monetary policy actions by the central bank and fiscal policy actions by the government to calm output over the business cycle. The theories forming the basis of Keynesian economics were first presented in The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, published in 1936 the interpretations of Keynes are contentious, and several schools of thought claim his legacy.34Keynesian economics advocates a mixed economy-predominantly private sector, but with a large role of government and public sector-and served as the economic model during the latter part of the Great Depression, World War II, and the post-war Golden Age of Capitalism, 1945-1973, though it lost some influence following the stagflation of the 1970s. As a middle way between laissez-faire capitalism and socialism, it has been and continues to be attacked from both the right and the left. The advent of the global financial crisis in 2007 has caused resurgence in Keynesian thought. Keynesian economics has provided the theoretical underpinning for the plans of President Barack Obama, Prime Minister Gordon Brown and other global leaders to rescue the world economy.Keyne sian economics An overture to economic theory and policy derived from the influential writings of the English economist John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946). Prior to Keynes, governments tended to be guided by the argument of laissez-faire economics that an unregulated economy would tend to move towards full employment, and thence equilibrium.Keynes argued (in The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, 1936) that equilibrium could be established before that point was reached, and therefore that governments wishing to achieve full employment had actively to intervene in the economy by stimulating aggregate demand and, conversely, that if full employment resulted in inflation they should act to reduce aggregate demand, in both cases by using the devices of tax (fiscal) policy, government expenditure, and monetary policy (changes in interest rank and the supply of credit). Keynesianism, though forming the basis of economic policy in most Western societies for three decades afte r the Second World War, was itself challenged by the appearance of stagflation (simultaneous recession and inflation) in the 1970s, and consequently by the economic theories of monetarism. The dispute between these two approaches currently forms the major axis of disagreement within modern economics.35Monetarist EconomicsThe Monetarists theory is a development of earlier Classical theoretical work. Their main contribution is in updating many of these ideas to fit them into a more modern context.

Doris Duke :: Essays Papers

Doris Duke Many people may think that m nonpareily is the key to happiness, but Too Rich, written by Pony Duke and Jason Thomas proves this theory wrong. Doris Duke was one of the richest people in the world, in fact at her time, she was the richest woman in the world, but money does not contribute all people happy. Actually, being rich could lead to and extremely lonely life, such as Doris Dukes. Well, of course money can buy a soulfulness any and every material item that they want, but some things are priceless. Even the MasterCard commercial says so, Your childs first baseball game, priceless. For everything else, theres MasterCard. Money cannot buy happiness and companionship.The reason that a biography was written about Doris Duke is because she was the richest woman in the world. Her family and she used their money towards worthy causes. Doris father founded Duke University and Doris helped to refrain national forests and monuments. The Duke fortune started w ith the American Tobacco Company. At one point their tobacco company was a monopoly, but then others formed. When Doris was born she was referred to as the one million-dollar tyke. This became true when her father, Buck Duke died.The message conveyed in this novel is that money can buy most things, but it cannot buy happiness. Happiness is the one thing that Doris Duke hunger and needed in her life more than anything else in the world. She was very lonely and trusted too many people. The most important lesson that her father taught her that she did not determine was not to trust anyone. The dedication of the book reads, This book is dedicated to Doris Duke, who should have believed the person who told her never trust anyone(iv). Doris wanted to be grappled. She tried to find actual affection from so many people, but found mostly fortune hunters. Doris also grew up alone and isolated. All of the people she allowed into her life did not love her for her, which she found out sooner or later, but later much more often than sooner.Doris is portrayed as a lonely loving woman, who would do almost anything for anyone if she offered before she was asked.

To Kill A Mockingbird Essay: Use of Symbolism :: Kill Mockingbird essays

Use of Symbolism in To Kill A Mockingbird   Id rather you shoot at tin cans in the backyard, but I last youll go after(prenominal) birds. Shoot all the bluejays you want , if you can hit em, but remember its a sin to kill a mockingbird. This is what Atticus Finch tells his children after they are given air-rifles for Christmas. Uniquely, the title of the classic novel by Harper Lee, To Kill A Mockingbird, was taken from this passage. At first glance, one may honor why Harper Lee decided to name her book after what agnisems to be a rather insignificant excerpt. After careful study, however, one begins to see that this is just another example of symbolism in the novel. Harper Lee uses symbolism rather extensively throughout this story, and much of it refers to the problems of racism in the sulphur during the early twentieth century. Harper Lees effective use of racial symbolism can be seen by studying various examples from the book. This includes the actions of the child ren, the racist whites, and the actions of Atticus Finch. The actions of the children in this novel certainly do have their share of symbolism. For instance, the building of a snowman by Jem and Scout one winter is very symbolic. There was not complete snow to make a snowman entirely out of snow, so Jem made a foundation out of dirt, and then covered it with what snow they had. One could fork up this in two different ways. First of all, the creation of the snowman by Jem can be seen as being symbolic of Jem trying to cover up the shady man and showing that he is the same as the white man, that all human beings are virtually the same. Approval of these views is shown by Atticus when he tells Jem, I didnt know how you were going to do it, but from now on Ill never worry about whatll become of you, son, youll always have an idea. The upgrade that night that engulfed overlook Maudie Atkinsons house can be seen as the prejudice of Maycomb County, as the fire melted the snow from th e snowman, and left nothing but a clump of mud. The fire depicts the prejudice people of the county saying that blacks and whites are, certainly, not the same. Another way of looking at the symbolism of the snowman would be to say that Jems combination of mud and snow signifies miscegenation, wedding party or sexual relations between persons of different races.