An audit on the appropriate completion of the venous thromboembolism Dissertation

An audit on the appropriate completion of the venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk assessment and adequate thromboprophylaxis durin - Dissertation Example Certain patient subsets display VTE pathologies of idiopathic causes, with no apparent identifiable risk factors. Therapeutic anticoagulation is the cornerstone of management in all patients with VTE, in many cases, standard anticoagulants such as heparin are included as therapeutic options in normal practice. (Schulman et al 2009) Adjunctive treatments, such as thrombolysis and the use of vena cava filters, are prescribed in certain cases. Pregnancy is among several risk factors for deep venous thrombosis, in addition to minor injuries and surgery. (Van Stralen et al. 2008) But those with a familial history of thrombophilia-related blood conditions are at an increased risk. (American College of Obstetricians 2000) Most physicians do not recommend general screening for the patient population at large, and several studies attest to the need for a regimen of targeted testing for VTE conditions only when a battery of predisposing factors is extant. ( Robertson et al. 2006) (Osinbowale e t al. 2010) Of particular instance in this case is the degree to which proper screening is conducted for pregnant women, both upon admittance to Maternity, and postpartum. SCREENING Diagnostic testing for inherited or acquired thrombophilic conditions is advisable in the presence of personal or family history indicating heightened risk factors. The Factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutations are the most common genetic thrombophilic disorders, and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is the most clinically significant acquired defect. Venous thromboembolism often results from the interplay between a series of risk factors. 50% of pregnant women with also exhibit thrombophilia. (Nelson-Piercey 2004) (Zotz et al. 2003) Understanding these VTE risks increases the probability of timely prevention and diagnosis. Virchow’s triad refers to 3 abnormalities that promote thrombogenesis: hypercoagulability, stasis, and endothelial dysfunction or injury. (Van Stralen et al. 2008) (Os inbowale et al. 2010) Several predisposing factors alter ? 1 components of Virchow’s triad. In a systematic analysis of 1231 consecutive patients treated for VTE, 96% exhibited > 1 recognized risk factor. Venous thromboembolism risk factors as may be hereditary or acquired. (Osinbowale et al. 2010) (Dresang et al. 2008) Osinbowale et al. 2010 Provides a ranking of predisposing risks from to lowest to highest in terms of probability: 1.) Obesity LOW 2.) Elderly 3.) Varicose veins (Varicosity) 4.) Laparoscopy 5.) Stasis (Immobility, due to long-term bed rest) 6.) CV catheterization 7.) Any other medical condition requiring hospitalization 8.) Previous VTE states 9.) Paralytic stroke 10.) Hormone Replacement Therapy 11.) Oral contraceptives, and pregnancy itself 12.) Arthroscopic knee surgery 13.) Malignancy and chemotherapy 14.) Spinal Cord injury 15.) Multiple traumas 16.) Major general surgery 17.) Major orthopedic surgery 18.) Long bone fractures, or fractures of hips and pe lvis. HIGH Clinical examinations may prove unreliable, therefore decisions in terms of treatment and/or screening tests must be based upon signs, symptoms, and preexisting risk factors. In this manner, patients are grouped into low, moderate, or high clinical probability of risk. (Sandler et al. 1984) Clinical symptoms of VTE disorders may be subtle and difficult to distinguish from gestational edema, though pain, warmth,

Design of a SCADA System

Design of a SCADA System 1. Introduction: The main purpose of this assignment is to design a simple SCADA system to monitor and provide supervisory control of a Bytronic Associates Industrial Control Trainer (ICT) through an Allen- Bradlley Micrologic 1000PLC using the Sistemi Winlog Pro software. From the design of PLC ladder logic program which was developed using RS-logic for the ICT, this assignment of the system will add a higher level of control through software and provide a beginning to the industrial SCADA systems. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA): SCADA is Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. In 1993, SCADA system was required to examine the site for the distribution systems and also for the electrical supply. There was a discussion on the SCADA system that which system would be more a suitable for the site. Almost for each and every packaged systems are combined with the complete SCADA system purchase which is different to the method of basic component as when it is used in single meters. As we are aware of placing both the meters into the switch gears at the substation and also in building switchgears. It is more effective estimated for the SCADA systems to examine the status of electrical power supply systems. In 1994 using the Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs)and a DOS based SCADA software package are utilized by the Utility department to start the installation for the SCADA systems. The energy management department is one of the departments in the Utility division required to collect the data from the building meters. The IDEs which provide a communication to the SCADA software as well as an analogue output signal (KW) that can be read by the building energy management system. In this building energy management system, it records the signal to track the electrical energy demand and Kilo Watt Hours (KWH). The SCADA software is a graphical package using a Window NT Operation System. This system is manufactured by the Power Measurement Ltd (PML) provides the programming required to include real AutoCad site map, a diagram and also to present the accurate time information on the header of the graphical conditions. Objects like switch status, all the power system parameters, alarms and so on. Additionally, this system also allow the facilities operations like utility system, bitmap to achieve the big pictures to set at the background, and also the channel down to the single line as required. SCADA system automatically generates an alarm and can also easily expandable as per the application required. The new systems can easily expandable and flexible to the use as IDEs meter are added. The following are the function that are utilized more and more as the SCADA system is expanded. Automatic reporting will be taken with the replacement of manual meter reading. They need to respond quickly when the real time alarms and data operators the information. The Utility Department can be practical in providing the customers about the quality information. The main benefits of using the SCADA software are Switching and Paralleling Operations: Verification of the physical change in the switch operator position was not accessible while using of remote SCADA applications Power Quality: As needed, generally after a result or upon query from building users the power quality reports are requested. Hospital and Medical School Emergency Services Status: From the Cogeneration Plant, Hospital Emergency Power Feeders are monitored to verify the accessibility of the services, on a continual basis. This prevents the remote possibility that the service is not available or available. Outage Record: Position incident analysis is essential to avoid reoccurrence of similar outages and power failures. Substation Security Fires and Door Alarms: Early on in the design of the SCADA application, it was determined that fire/smoke detectors were required in all substation switch gear rooms. This utility, along with the door alarm contacts, provides the system operators with the ability to respond immediately to these types of actions. 2. System Description: PLC Diagram Description: In PLC the programs are fabricated based upon the ‘gates simultaneously with the inputs, timers, counters, outputs, internal memory bits, analog inputs, comparators, analog output etc. Inputs: The physical connections that are connected to the PLC are switches, pushbuttons, sensors and anything which acts like a switch or signal to the state of ON and OFF position. The voltages that accept to some of the devices are 24V DC and some may not; it may vary. The switch when it is in ON state, then status of the device bit is ‘1 and when it goes to OFF state the status of the device bit is ‘0. Output: The result that appears from the input devices is the communication between the PLC and other terminals. They are used to control the solenoids, sensors, and connectors etc to on and off position. In the PLC, there are 8 sensors and 5 actuators were used. The result from each sensor response the actuators and other sensors to perform the task. These eight sensors has different task they are Sensor1: It detects the presence of peg in the upper sort area. Sensor2: It detects the components in front of the solenoid at the upper sort area of the ring chute. Sensor3: It detects the presence of ring in assembly area. Sensor4: It is used to commence assembling. Sensor5: It is used to terminate the assembling. Sensor6: It is used to detect the complete assemblies. Sensor7: It is used to detect the components at the lower sort area. Sensor8: It is used to detect the components and assemblies near the reject area solenoid. The purpose of 5 actuator which are used in PLC area are Actuator1: It drives the upper chain conveyor motor. Actuator2: It drives the lower chain conveyor motor. Actuator3: It knocks the ring in the ring chute. Actuator4: It releases the ring into the assembly area. Actuator5: It rejects the unassembled components. Relay: A relay is a switch which is operated on the electromagnetic. Counters: when a pre-assigned count value is reached, the digital counters are in the form of relay contact. Timers: Timer consists of internal clock, a count value register and an accumulator which is used to count the time. When peg and ring moves in the upper sort area, the peg moves into to the peg chute through the detection of the sensor1 and the ring moves into the ring chute through the actuator 3. And the actuator 4 is to allow the ring in to the space where the sensor 3 detects the ring for the assembling the ring into the peg in the lower sort area. The sensor 6 it to detect the complete assembled components. The actuator 4 has some delay time for allowing the ring in to assembling area. The sensor 8 is to detect the unassembled component and the actuator 5 is to reject the unassembled components. Sensor number Sensor type, location and function. PLC Input 1 Download-looking reflective IR sensor at the upper sort area. Detects the presence of a peg near to and in front of the solenoid at the top of the ring chute. I: 0/4 2 Sideways-looking reflective IR sensor at the upper sort area. Detects a component in front of the solenoid at the top of the ring chute. I: 0/1 3 Reflective IR sensor at the assembly area. Detects the presence of component at the very bottom of the ring chute beyond the rotary solenoid. I: 0/0 4 Black pushbutton. Used to commence assembling say. I: 0/18 5 Red pushbutton. Used to terminate assembling, say. I: 0/19 6 Capacitive sensor, near the lower sort area. Detects the presence of passing complete assembles near the reject solenoid at the motor end of the lower conveyor. I: 0/6 7 Reflective IR sensor at capacitive sensor near lower sort area I: 0/3 8 Reflective IR sensor at the lower sort area. Detects the presence of components and assemblies in front of the reject solenoid at the motor end of the lower conveyor. I: 0/2 9 Through-beam IR sensor, just after the assembly area. Detects components on the lower conveyor leaving the assembly area. I: 0/5 Actuator No. Actuator type, location and desired function PLC Output 1 Upper conveyor motor. Drives the upper toothed chain conveyor O: 0/3 2 Lower conveyor motor. Drives the lower plain belt conveyor. O: 0/4 3 Solenoid at upper sort area. Knocks rings into the ring chute. O:0/0 4 Rotary solenoid at the bottom of the ring chute before the assembly area. Releases rings into the assembly area. O: 0/1 5 Solenoid at the reject area. Rejects unassembled components before the complete assembly collection tray. O: 0/2 Using the winlog Pro software, the PLC system can be operated through the ladder program by shutting down the RSlogix and assigning the sensor input pins to the digital gates and actuator output pins to the digital gates. These functions are performed by four kinds of SCADA components: Sensors (either digital or analog) and control relays that directly interface with the managed system. Remote telemetry units (RTUs): These are small computerized units deployed in the field at specific sites and locations. RTUs serve as local collection points for gathering reports from sensors and delivering commands to control relays. SCADA master units: These are larger computer consoles that serve as the central processor for the SCADA system. Master units provide a human interface to the system and automatically regulate the managed system in response to sensor inputs. The communications network that connects the SCADA master unit to the RTUs in the field. 3. Requirements: The minimum requirements for the SCADA to perform and control the operation of PLC manually are By replacing the physical push buttons, providing start/stop to control the ICT from the SCADA. Display the state of all sensors and actuators using the digital gates displays such as LED or animations. Display the count of the number of rings in the chute at any time (this may also extend to the number of completed assembled and rejected components. Provide a means of resetting the ring count a value among 0 to 5 (in the event of malfunction). Create a template with a background bitmap that is either a schematic diagram of the ICT or the actual photograph of the kit. At least one alarm condition example when a component is rejected or the ring in the chute is more than four. Constraints: In the numerical gates of winlog pro, the LED components cannot be kept because these are used only for counting the rings in the chute and also for the rejecting the components in the chute. In the digital gates of winlog pro, the sensors, actuators, LED and switches are kept. It does not accept the counts. 4. SCADA System Design: The design of a simple control application based on the micrologix DF1 protocol, but the design of more complex systems can be solved using the SCADA. It is easy to understand and approach the winlog Pro software and also to communicate the other devices. For every new application, the system has to know the external devices, addresses and communication protocol to communicate from one device to the other devices. In PLC, the program runs between the one of two states for every second in order to maintain the count. According to the SCADA, for each state the LED will be shown and also for the count will be shown. The PLC program will be started and stopped by using the switch on SCADA. For creating the variables database devices in the gates of Winlog Pro software, we have to consider the numeric, digital and event alarms according to our applications. Numeric gates consists of all the variables that refers to the analogue quantity like counts, set points and so on that can expressed in the form of a bytes, a word, a double word, an integer or by a floating point variable. In this application, the numeric gates are used for the counting, rejecting components, complete counts and also for resetting of both complete and reject counts. Digital gates consists of all the variables that refers to the digital status like alarm conditions, sensors, actuators, configuration option and so on. It can be expressed by a single bit. In this application, the digital gates are used for the input sensors, output actuators and for solenoids and also for switches and pushbuttons. Event/alarm is also used in this application for the purpose of showing the rings in the chute if the rings in the chute are more than four. This configuration is used for the intention of activating the solenoid. The following table shows, the numeric variables configurations are made according to the applications are; Continuation with the table The following table shows, the digital variables configurations are made according to the applications are; The following table shows the event/alarm gates configuration are made according to the applications. And this gate cannot read from the devices but the status will be displayed while at runtime. This gate is provided for the attention of the ring in the chute if the ring in the chute is more than four and we also can create more alarms using this gate configuration. After creating of the gates configurations, we must save it and create the new templates in order to get all the gates for the application and these gates are used for each and every achievement to perform the operation on the particular gates configuration. After adding all the gates, insert all the active label objects like LED, switch and so on and also include the gate to each label to perform the operation when the gate is used in the ladder program. After completion of adding all the gates, label, chart and bitmap, save the complete configurations. And execute the program. After the completion of the template design, we must assign the simple code using the name as â€Å"Main† in the Winlog Pro code. It is used only for the function that will open for the main template at the application startup. The following figure shows the final template design thats required for the applications are; The above figure represents the complete design of template after arranging all the gates and chart and bitmap. 5. Testing: After the creation of the templates and Winlog Pro code in the software, close the Winlog Pro and run the RSLogix 500 to create the program and download the Micrologix 1000 ladder program listed in the section. After downloading, go to the Run mode and shutdown the RSLogix 500 and also RSLogix service. Restart the Winlog Pro software, to run the project in project manager and select Execute from project menu. Then after executing the project, it will moves in run mode to start the project according to the application requirements. Winlog Pro samples variables from devices and processes the results in graphical representations. When the project that where done by the users to startup then it automatically achieves the main templates. By clicking the switch object label, we can start and stop the execution of the program. When the program is in running mode, we can see the number of rings that the actuator 3 pushes into the chute and the peg that enter into the peg chute by the detection of the sensor 1 And if the ring in the chute is more than four then the alarms will be in active (blowing condition) mode that informs the ring cant allow into the ring chute more. The count display the number of ring in the ring chute and edit box is to editing the value that enter in it. By clicking the toggle switch, we can reset both the completed assembles and rejecting components. We can select the chart to show the graphical representation of the counts and digital like pushbutton and switches. The chart also displays the group of variables that we want to display. The below figure displays the switch button is in ON condition and the counting of ring in chute is 5. If the ring count is more than four in the chute then the alarm blows. And resetting all the completed assembles and rejected assembles. The chart 1 describes the switch buttons (black color) and pushbuttons (blue color) when it is in ON condition. The chart 2 describes the count of the rings in the chute (green color), completed assembled components (lite blue color) and rejected components (red color). The below figure shows the counting of rings in the chute (green color), completed assembled components (lite blue color) and rejecting the components (red color) when the switch button is in ON condition. 6. Discussion: Utility System Operators need to be able to continue to remotely and instantaneously, identify electrical Power System Failures at any location in the distribution system. Accurate real time alarming and historical information is needed to continually meet the needs of a diverse community of energy users. A continuation of the demands for high reliability and accurate performance and trending data is paramount is the long term benefits of the SCADA systems. Approaching the SCADA system design for an application is the first time and in particular Winlog Pro software, it can be easily to communicate with other devices using the RS-232 9pin connector. Winlog Pro software can accessible easily and understand quickly to the external devices. For different applications, the design of the system for each device should be addressable and the list of all the variables can read or write to the devices. And for the applications the gates configuration should be addressable. Depending on the ladder program the address should be made and we can design different templates. Without any restrictions of all the winlog pro licenses software, it can provide the functions, development tools and communication protocol. The software toolbox acknowledges the continuous efforts of sielco sistemi to make the winlog pro more competitive and attractive. This powerful, low cost and easy to use SCADA software is indeed collecting increasing agreement among Italian and international users. Winlog Pro is simple, flexible and more economical in real time applications. It provides the differ tool like gates builders, templates, code builders. It allows the drivers to interface and communicate with all the electronic devices like PLCs, I/O modules and so on. Conclusion: Using the Winlog Pro software, the results that are required for the project are achieved. Using this software, we are assigning all the object labels to the gates configuration. The counts the numbers of rings are assigned to the numeric gate and the digital gates like LED, sensors and actuators and solenoids are assigned to this gate. For each and every gate the address will be allocated. The ladder program that where written in RSlogic 500 should be downloaded and switch it to run mode. Close the RSlogic and execute the project that was done in winlog Pro software project manager. Thus, the program and the logic were tested and the results are achieved successfully without any error. References: Referred notes by J.G.Pierce. http://www.sielcosistemi.com/en/products/winlog_scada_hmi/

Reaction to Mean Streets ::

Reaction Paper to Mean Streets Mean Streets' greatest influence in American cinema was not on directors or scriptwriters (though its influence there was considerable) but rather on actors. The film has Harvey Keitel (as Charlie) at its center, whose solidity and slight dullness as an actor keeps the film from spinning off into total anarchy; but it is Robert De Niro's Johnny Boy (Charlie's wild, self-destructive friend whom he looks out for with all the obsessiveness of an older brother) that gives the film its charge. Johnny Boy dances and gyrates and leaps and spins about the edges of the film, continually threatening to take it into and out of chaos (which he finally does). De Niro's performance, which remains as hilarious and breath-taking as ever - was a revelation at the time. De Niro took naturalistic, "method" acting to new highs, and his Johnny Boy is possibly the very first performance of its kind. It's a genuine portrayal of a street punk whose charm and obnoxiousness are almost uncannily intertwined - you can't despise Johnny Boy, but you can't respect him much, either. You just have to love him. It's easy enough to imagine Charlie's frustration over this kid - De Niro's work here adds depth and veracity to Keitel's, and the two actors work so well together that some of their scenes ? like the one they have together in Taxi Driver - have an almost hallucinatory buzz to them. Aside from its acting, the other major influence which Mean Streets had upon American film-makers was through it's use of a rock n' roll soundtrack (almost perfectly integrated with the images), and in its depiction of a new kind of screen violence. Unexpected, volatile, explosive and wholly senseless, yet, for all that, undeniably cinematic violence. The way in which Scorsese blends these two - the rock and roll and the violence - shows that he understood instinctively, better than anyone else until then, that cinema (or at least this kind of cinema, the kinetic, visceral kind) and rock n' roll are both expressions of revolutionary instincts, and that they are as inherently destructive as they are creative. This simple device - brutal outbreaks of violence combined with an upbeat soundtrack - has been taken up by both the mainstream cinema at large and by many individual `auteurs', all of whom are in Scorsese's debt - Stone and Tarantino coming at once to mind. Reaction to Mean Streets :: Reaction Paper to Mean Streets Mean Streets' greatest influence in American cinema was not on directors or scriptwriters (though its influence there was considerable) but rather on actors. The film has Harvey Keitel (as Charlie) at its center, whose solidity and slight dullness as an actor keeps the film from spinning off into total anarchy; but it is Robert De Niro's Johnny Boy (Charlie's wild, self-destructive friend whom he looks out for with all the obsessiveness of an older brother) that gives the film its charge. Johnny Boy dances and gyrates and leaps and spins about the edges of the film, continually threatening to take it into and out of chaos (which he finally does). De Niro's performance, which remains as hilarious and breath-taking as ever - was a revelation at the time. De Niro took naturalistic, "method" acting to new highs, and his Johnny Boy is possibly the very first performance of its kind. It's a genuine portrayal of a street punk whose charm and obnoxiousness are almost uncannily intertwined - you can't despise Johnny Boy, but you can't respect him much, either. You just have to love him. It's easy enough to imagine Charlie's frustration over this kid - De Niro's work here adds depth and veracity to Keitel's, and the two actors work so well together that some of their scenes ? like the one they have together in Taxi Driver - have an almost hallucinatory buzz to them. Aside from its acting, the other major influence which Mean Streets had upon American film-makers was through it's use of a rock n' roll soundtrack (almost perfectly integrated with the images), and in its depiction of a new kind of screen violence. Unexpected, volatile, explosive and wholly senseless, yet, for all that, undeniably cinematic violence. The way in which Scorsese blends these two - the rock and roll and the violence - shows that he understood instinctively, better than anyone else until then, that cinema (or at least this kind of cinema, the kinetic, visceral kind) and rock n' roll are both expressions of revolutionary instincts, and that they are as inherently destructive as they are creative. This simple device - brutal outbreaks of violence combined with an upbeat soundtrack - has been taken up by both the mainstream cinema at large and by many individual `auteurs', all of whom are in Scorsese's debt - Stone and Tarantino coming at once to mind.

In the Country of Men Course Notes Essay

Thorough and insightful understanding of the ideas, characters and themes constructed and presented in the text. Complex discussion and critical analysis of the structures, features and conventions used to conduct meaning. Complex analysis of the ways in which social, historical and/or cultural values are embodied in the text. Construction of a sophisticated interpretation, which demonstrates an understand of ways in which the text is open to different interpretation by different readers. Considered selection of significant textual evidence and highly appropriate use of relevant metalanguage. Highly expressive, fluent and coherent writing. Hisham Matar Born NY 1970 Returned to Libya as a 3yo Father a diplomat Accused of opposition of Gadhafi’s revolution In 1979 family escaped to Egypt Father kidnapped by Egyptian security in Cairo and handed over in Libya Never heard of again – 2 letters in 1996. Matar biographical details Personal experiences provide a real link to the events of the novel Father of young Libyan captured by security forces and detained for his opposition to a regime which he claims oppresses freedom This novel is NOT a biography, rather a reflection of his own experiences, particularly his relationship with his mother. Matar’s messages uses his own experiences, or memory of these, to illustrate ideas about family and, to a lesser extent oppression. Where is Libya, North of Africa, surrounded by Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Algeria. Near Turkey and Iran. The Problems with Libya Libya was often occupied during its history – Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans all colonised Libya in ancient times – archaeological sites still there 7th century Arabs introduced Islam religion and culture early 20th century Italy colonised Libya after an agreement with British and French to carve up north Africa Italian influence still strong in Libya – evidence in text – Signor II Calzoni, Faraj reads and swears in Italian Post WWII Libya divided up between French and British Given independence by them in 1951 King Idris 1 ruled 1951 onwards Oil discoveries in 1959 made Libya a very strategically important and potentially wealthy country GADDAFI 1969 Muammar el Gaddafi (Qaddafi), a military officer, headed a military coup against the autocratic King Idris – popular uprising Gaddafi known as The Leader Of The Revolution or The Guide Erratic Ruler, became more and more autocratic himself Strange man Formed in the 1980s – Amazonian guards – personal bodyguards – all women Gaddafi claimed that they would be the perfect guards because Arab gunmen would not fire at women Many claimed that the guards were an example of his eccentric showmanship and that he enjoyed being surrounded by beautiful young women He always travelled surrounded by the Guard Women were very well trained in martial arts and were apparently hand picked by Gadhafi himself They had to take a vow of chastity After he was deposed, many claimed they had been raped by him Shades of 1984 Living in Libya, under Gadhafi Most industries and media were controlled by state Most aspects of peoples lives controlled Telephones tapped, sometimes tapper intrudes on conversations ITCOM Easily identified secret police roam the streets watching people ITCOM Extensive surveillance systems – 20-30% of people worked in surveillance for the Revolutionary committees which oversaw and infiltrated every part of Libyan Society. They are able to walk into people’s homes and look for evidence of ‘disloyalty’ ITCOM Press was silenced University students silenced Public excecutions of ‘enemies’ of state, often televised ITCOM People lived in fear of being accused of crimes against the revolution Gadhafi had dissidents living overseas assassinated. His power is evident not just in Libya but also in Egypt where the Matar family escape to, but Gadhafi’s supporters in Egypt capture the father and hand him over to Gadhafi’s regime. Libya was known as a pariah state for many years – one which acts in a brutal way against its own citizens Libya often shunned by other countries because of active promotion of, and sanctuary given to, terrorist groups. Big Brother Cult of personality built around Gadhafi (Recall 1984) Referred to himself as The Guide of Libya, rather than the leader. Called himself a socialist, an Arabist, an African and a Muslim at various times in his rule. He changed according to which way the political wind was blowing and his actions were always about maintaining power. Libya Mainly a Muslim nation. People called to daily prayers from loudspeakers in mosques. Drinking and eating of prok prohibited. Often women are required to cover up in public. Like all religions, followers range from strictly observant to those who are Muslim in name only. Suleiman’s mother drinks when father is away but doesn’t go out when she drinks because alcohol is prohibited (ITCOM) Alcohol is prohibited by both the Koran and the legal system. Arranged marriages (ITCOM) blood feuds, arguments common, particularly in underdeveloped areas What ideas are these covers trying to convey? Cover 3 bleak, dark, tree represents shelter mulberry tree, tree of knowledge. Storm clouds suggest bad luck is coming etc. again the contrast  looks very western Cover 4. Plain white and blue almost white and blue collar shirts, the smart and the dumb, the rich and the poor. and the boy being in the middle almost a shadow, not 100% there. Red the colour of anti revolutionary. How are the colour font and other visual aspects used to convey meaning here? The white colour reflects the hotness of Libya and the shadow of the boy reflect that he’s not entirely there, the colour use of red is anti revolutionary, symbolic of blood. Why do you think that the author chose the title IN THE COUNTRY OF MEN for this book? Muslim way of life, women are almost lesser important, symbolizes no freedom or mention of women at all, almost symbolizes the WWI as WWI was for men only and women didn’t fight at all. What questions are raised about concepts of country, manhood and humanity? The country of men means its really a man dominant country, there is no such thing as a woman almost. Very sexist society How does the title tie in with the themes of the novel and the position of the characters as they struggle in their environment? How does the author use contrasting imagery in the opening passage to set the tone of the book? How does the image of people seeking mercy from the heat reflect the broader condition of the characters? HOLIDAY HOMEWORK How is betrayal shown to be a strong force in the lives of the characters in the country of men? In the country of men suggests that people cannot avoid brutality in a country under a dictatorship. Discuss. What forms of imprisonment are depicted in the novel? How do the characters experience and react to a lack of freedom? Through the mothers alcohol, women are imprisoned by men, in the country of men, means no voice for women. What can we infer about the lives of women in Libya during the time period represented in the story? They are in a mans world with no control. Throughout the novel, Suleiman refers to his mothers alcoholism as her ‘illness’. How accurate is this observation? Do you feel it is a reflection of Suleiman’s naivety in youth or a kind of wisdom about her actual condition? In the Country of Men Themes Narrative voice The novel is written in first person narration, largely through the eyes of 9 year old Suleiman, but with comments at times from him as an adult. Much of it is internal monologue, one of the reasons that matar created Suleiman as an only child. As he had no one to talk to he internalises his experiences, hence making for a more reflective novel. The child-like commentary allows for readers to understand things that Suleiman does not: for example, Mama’s ‘medicine’ and her ‘illness’. Names Names and naming are important in the text. Interestingly, Suleiman’s name can be traced back to Suleiman the Magnificent, the emperor of the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth century who expanded the empire significantly and instigated enormous social and cultural developments. He is also known as â€Å"Slooma† a family name which is appropriated by Sharief and ‘habibi’ by his mother which means â€Å"my darling† â€Å"beloved† or â€Å"baby† (Innocence) SETTING The setting of Lepcis Magma is used symbolically as a fallen civilization, an example of how every society will one day decay and die. The concerns of its people have long disappeared into time. MOTIFS The heath/summer is a motif running through the novel. At times it represents hell, as Suleiman tries to avoid hell by practising running over the bridge to paradise. Other times, its glare stupefies the people and pushes them indoors, leaving only the children to jostle each other outside. The long days of summer without school also allows for Suleiman to have the freedom where he observes the adults more than usual. The sea is also another motif, the beautiful blue ocean just at the end of the road. At times Suleiman swims in it looking to be cooled and cleansed from the dirty activities he faces day-to-day. He tries to take Kareem into it to seek some solace from his grief but Kareem resists. Interestingly, it is here where he almost drowns Bahoul the beggar, exerting his power and giving into the base urges that he sees in his society SYMBOLISM The symbolism of replacing the picture of Baba with an enormous picture of the Guide in the reception room, shows loyalty to the regime and the strains on family relationships. Also showing that they have nothing to hide to show loyalty. Shows their not related to what Baba did, and the guide is now their father and father of Libya. The games played by the boys, games such as ‘My land, Your Land’ where they try to take power by gaining more land, represents the political ‘games’ of the older men around them. The squabbles and fights are also a microcosm for  the violence in the country in which they are growing up. Much is made of the power of words in this novel. In an act of resistance to the dictatorship. Nasser is seen running through Martyrs’ square after Faraj, clutching a typewriter used for producing subversive pamphlets. In another scene, Najwa and Moosa burn all Faraj’s books to save him from incrimination; however, the image of books burning is redolent of violent regimes trying to rid themselves of intellectuals who might question them. Moosa is a poet and lover of language; he is also closely tied with dissident acts. Linked to this idea, is the power of storytelling. Ironically, Najwa condemns Scheherazade for being ‘a coward who accepted slavery over death’ pg15. She berates her for not standing up to her husband, for staying to look after her children, for being thankful for her life. The irony is that Najwa appears to be restricted as Scheherazade was and she also seems to fall in love with her husband over time. To Suleiman though she is a hero; that she managed to keep telling tales without giving in to fear amazes him. Also, he is a storyteller too, as is Mama. Loyalty and Betrayal: the novel addresses the issue of loyalty. How do the characters experience loyalty and betrayal? Discuss some examples. What do you think is the main cause of some of the betrayals that occur? In chapter 5, Moosa says â€Å"its our obligation to call injustice by its name pg53† Suleiman’s mother replies â€Å"go call it by its name in your country. Here it is either silence or exile, walk by the wall or leave. Go be a hero elsewhere.† What does she mean? Who is right? How do the different characters in the novel face injustice and what are the consequences? Point of view? How does the point of view of the story affect the way that we see the injustices represented in the story? How might this be different if the narrator were an adult? Hisham Matar has much in common with Suleiman. Both left Libya where they were children, although unlike Suleiman, Matar was  accompanied by his parents. In 1990, Matar’s father was kidnapped while living in exile in Cairo and was returned to Libya, where he was tortured and imprisoned. He has not heard from him since. How does knowing the similarities between the author and protagonist affect the way you think about the novel? Role of women Do the women in Suleiman’s life have any true power, and if so, from where is it derived? How has Suleiman’s opinion of his mother changed by the time he reaches the novels closing scenes? Insight into the text What is the effect of reading about this episode in history through a child’s point of view? What clarity does it bring? In what ways do a child’s impulses muddy the truth? When the students visit Lepcis Magna, Kareem states, â€Å"Children are useless in a war.† Do you think this is true? What might the authors point of view be? What profession does Suleiman ultimately choose? Why do you think the author decided to have Suleiman choose this profession? Pg 232 He chose the profession of medicine, being a pharmacist. It reflected the influence his mother had on him with her illness and helped him to understand what it really was. Gadhafi is the most important character in the novel, despite his absence. Do you agree? The novel examines the futility of resisting oppressive power. Discuss. How does Matar use both tension and narrative point of view to engage the reader? How is tradition shown to be a powerful force in the lives of the characters in In the Country of Men? How does Matar develop a sense of time and of place in his novel? Along with confusion, pain and despair, there is a strong message of hope in Matar’s novel. To what extent do you agree? Corruption is not only isolated to the Libyan dictatorship. To what extent do you agree? In the Country of Men suggests that life demands a choice between resistance and surrender.’ Discuss In the Country of Men demonstrates that it is a man’s actions that deï ¬ ne him.’ Discuss In In the Country of Men, Matar shows more sympathy for women than for men. ’Discuss. â€Å"Why does our country long for us so savagely?† Matar’s love of his country and his fears for it permeate his novel In the Country of Men. Discuss. How does Suleiman’s view of the world change during the course of the novel? ‘Despite the horror of the political regime, this is still a novel about the power of love.’ To what extent do you agree?

China Design Essay

1. Why is product design important in the China market? Product design is indeed a key factor in satisfying customers, which is crucial for maintaining or improving companies’ respective market shares. Product design plays a very important role in manufacturing firms aiming to penetrate and attain good market shares in dynamic consumer markets like that of China, which is also stringent in the involvement of its culture, even in modern times. The very reason why product design is important in China’s consumer market is that Chinese consumers observe ever-changing trends which, of course, entail ever-changing needs and wants. In order for manufacturers to satisfy consumers of this dynamic market, they employ product designs that suit consumer needs and wants through form and functionality. Since China also considers cultural involvement essential for the upkeep of their unique traditions, manufacturers also need to consider injecting fragments of traditional Chinese elements into their designs to really succeed in the consumer market and earn the consumers’ plea for their products. In the viewpoint of Chinese manufacturers, product design is also a means of adding value to their organization by making their products stand out from competitors’ which undoubtedly substantiates the importance of product design. 2. How would you ensure that your products are designed to meet the needs of customers? In order to surely meet customer needs, manufacturers should find out themselves what their target consumers yearn for. Once they find out their target markets’ needs, manufacturers should employ unique and highly encouraged homegrown product designs that take into consideration the form that jives with current trends, functionality that entails outstanding product performance, and sometimes even injections of timeless elements, say that of the respective cultures of different consumer markets. By doing so, consumers would surely utilize their products that suit their needs and wants, are undoubtedly in the vogue, and are reflective of their cultural heritage and identity.

Celiac Disease - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Celiac Disease - Smart Custom Writing Internal Communication.An undeniable fact one may claim is that we are all involved in every day communication process. Whether it is a chat on the phone with a friend, daily newspaper reading, TV watching, socializing in a family circle or at school, college or at workplace – that is all a continuous information interchange thus being communication. The work for each individual is an indispensible part of life. That is the self-realization and make-a-living field. The organization of proper environment the staff is involved in goes beyond doubt. It results in coherent and collaborative team work and their effective performance. Therefore in any profit-making business sphere or public relations area we anyhow deal with management practice. So, let’s get an insight into the inner nature of a company’s arrangement. Any business structure inevitably encounters some sorts of ‘roughnesses’ that is the problems connected with underestimation and/or lack of motivation and information awareness of some staff members. Such ‘impurities’ may provoke disunity and discord in vision and perception of the company’s main priorities, future perspectives, strategies etc. that constitute its key conception. Not of the least are the issues of personnel’s obscure and misleading comprehension of his or her own role in the whole company’s success-building machine. To tune up this whole mechanism sophisticated managerial tools are applied. Hence, we touch the notion of internal communication (IC). It comprises the company’s functional leverage of monitoring, motivating, encouraging and coordinating the work of employees. It reflects the prowess of elaborate management policy. Thus, we need to clarify and elucidate some aspects concerned with the internal communic ation practice. ‘Internal’ designates the very gist of the process on question. It generally implies not only socializing among each other, but also has a wider sense representing the visible result of the correlated and interconnected efforts of each participant.   The relationships and attitudes among ‘senior’ and ‘junior’ members influence inner performance and matter a lot in shaping the image of a company outside. Here the IC is substantially helpful to reach the goals the governing body pursues. The work with personnel should not just envisage giving orders and expecting their dutiful fulfillment. This approach to dealing with staff is very delusive and lacks essentials – there must be a dialog between ‘boss’ and ‘subordinate’ in all levels of company’s operation. For the both sides to be mutually beneficial and their interests not to clash a special strategy is developed that contains certain aspects to be consid ered.   Ã¢â‚¬ËœTo listen to’ aspect can’t be ignored. It’s essential that Human Resources Management (HRM) take into account employees’ viewpoints, ideas, suggestions, since it gives the staff a feeling of their direct involvement in the process. Collection, procession and distribution of information among employees regarding the state of business and possible current problems is meaningful to create overall awareness and advances respect and loyalty to a company. In this connection we speak about interconnectivity that can be achieved by internal communication means.   Every day in any organization a great deal of issues is discussed and devolved through briefings, conferences, meetings, forums etc. where the staff participants are actually present. Hence they are engaged in face-to-face communication. Another way to represent and deliver information is either by printed regulations, newsletters and brochures or electronically – e.g. e-mail, voice-mail, messaging and corporate net system called intranet. It’s evident that nowadays world everyday witnesses the impetuous technological progress which helps to optimize and maximize people’s work. With the emergence of Internet humans saw the increasing role of electronic communication that was marked by convenience and relative velocity in information exchange. The benefits are obvious. So, firms, organizations, companies and enterprises viewed the perspective of application the analogy of global web being limited to the boundaries of internal company’s structure – intranet. Virtually it is a private network that serves the function of data storage and its distribution among all employees. The access to the system is available only to staff and restricted to non-authorized persons. The intranet constrains the external entry by means of firewall and thus provides safety of net content. Since intranet exploits the same technologies and tools which are applicable in internet for the web and e-mail service and also file transfer, no extra time and efforts are necessary for the staff members to adapt and utilize the corporate net capacity. Another advantage that counts is also the enhanced efficiency that staff show which is obtained by prompt and easy access to the database. Apparently, it proves to be useful when dealing with complex project work that necessitates the interchange of ideas with partners and seeking for the information relevant to the work performed. Therefore it might be facilitating to use links to collect data, then discuss it online with project participants and so share the viewpoints. Such an example among other positive sides of internal web resource demonstrates its time-saving expediency. In addition, the work of line managers is supported and to an extent simplified, since the work net is constantly updated and replenished. Thus, there is no need for an employee to persistently bother a line or senior manager with minor and insignificant issues. This kind of information is always at disposal in the intranet. Alongside with the virtues there come vices. The implementation of this sort of systems appears to be costly. Small businesses are unlikely to design and bring into action sophisticated intranets as compared to big corporations. Programming, design, constant upgrading inevitably requires investment. Unfortunately, another hindrance seems to be quite significant. We can’t but agree that however elaborate and well-programmed the network can be it is still exposed to insecurity (About.com. Wireless/Networking). Computer tampering may be regarded as a contemporary problem number one in electronic communication. Moreover, considering a modern arena of leadership and competition not always sound actions are undertaken. The competitors may resort to tricks in attempts to fish out the information they can get advantage of. On the grounds of the mentioned pros and cons we can arrive at conclusion that in future for the intranet as the internal communication tool to become more secure it’s essential to pay thorough attention to the company’s R D activities in search of more failsafe and reliable information guarding. Concerning the whole internal communication practice we should emphasize the importance of psychological aspect in recruiting personnel and scrutinizing their relevance to the position and the end-result of their work. A special team of professional psychologists and analysts is able to timely reveal and prevent the possible deviation of some individuals from the main policy. That will immensely contribute to foresee the leak of information and hidden intensions of intranet users in case they turn out to be not true members of the team but possible spies. Thereby, to avoid malfunction and make the whole mechanism work in accord the constituents matter a lot.

Cancer Prevention and Treatments essays

Cancer Prevention and Treatments essays Mitosis and cancer are closely related in that without the process of mitosis, cancer would not exist. Mitosis is a form of cell division in which one cell becomes two. Our bodies are made up of cells and each cell contains genes that determine how our cells grow, function and die. Since mitosis is the process in which our cells replicate themselves and make copies of it's own DNA, cancers can be caused by mutations that occur during this process. Once this occurs, these new mutated cells do not act like "normal" cells and can multiply as long as they have a regular food and oxygen supply. (1) A recent drug used in the treatment of colon cancer is Avastin, also known as Bevacizumab. Avastin is administered by injection and is an antiangiogenic agent, which works by essentially starving the tumor or cancer cells. This drug stops the formation of blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to tumors, therefore possibly slowing their growth. Avastin has a long list of side effects including fainting, loss of appetite, heartburn, weight loss and dry mouth. Many of these side effects are common and seen with other drugs used in cancer treatment. However, some potentially life-threatening side effects are the potential development of holes in the wall of your stomach or intestine, the slow healing of wounds, stroke, heart problems, and kidney issues.(2). While I have mixed feelings about this treatment, I am sure that these potential side effects are typical of most cancer treatment plans. I think it's important to continue the testing of these drugs and that as long as a pe rson is made fully aware of the potential side effects it should be left up to the individual and his or her doctor. As with any medication, most benefits outweigh the potentially negative side effects. There are a number of lifestyle changes that can be made to help prevent cancer such as avoiding alcohol, tobacco, practicing sun safety, eating right and exercis...

Lifeboat Ethics Essay Sample

Lifeboat Ethics Essay Sample Lifeboat Ethics Essay When we say lifeboat, this is pertaining to a metaphor that is focused on the significance of providing a humanitarian way of helping other individuals. This is an ethical situation of saving other individuals whenever they need something significant to improve their lifestyle. The ethical issue of lifeboat is focused on providing sustainability for the marginalized sectors of the population. These are the minorities who have scarce or no resources in order to sustain their longevity or productivity in the society. Lifeboat pertains to the growing problems of poverty in our society, which means that government institutions are stepping up to prevent people from migrating to other countries that are undocumented. This is because it could risk their lives by being exposed to criminal and terrorist elements of the society. Lifeboat is referred to a situation wherein there is an inevitable amount of population experiencing the cruelest way of living their life to the fullest terms. The reason behind is that they are unable to secure a life that should have been an important factor of being productive. The ethical norm in this situation is halted because they were not given proper social welfare sustainability by the local government unit. One major issue is a financial status of the country wherein it is brought about by low economic development. The economic integrity of a nation has been essentially hampering minority groups to receive the rightful care in order to survive. This means that minority groups were ethically deprived because there is a lesser amount of subsidies provided by the local government unit as a way to promote their welfare and integrity as a member of the population. There are scenarios wherein lifeboat ethics has been tarnished by several government institutions. One example is the transcontinental migration of Africans to flee from their violent community towards Europe. Similarly with the Latin American migrants that are moving from their violent and corrupt societies from South and Central America towards the United States to pursue a better lifestyle. Affected members of the population have one major goal, which is to seek a better life as well as to have a greener pasture. Some Asian countries in South Asia and Southeast Asia are also seeking asylum after arriving in Australia from their countries to have a better future to a land that is peaceful without any risk of being harmed. The problem with these migrants is the threat of terrorism because there are other members of the terrorist organizations that are posing as migrants to reach their target countries and then will start terrorist campaigns. The ethical dilemma of lifeboat circumstances is the ability of the law enforcement agencies to produce abusive practices towards the migrants that best represents a lifeboat ethics. The reason behind is that some migrants were thought to be members of a criminal organization or terrorist group basing their tattoos or the Islamic names that could pose a risk to the security of the society. Physical abuse, torture, illegal detention, and executions of presumed terrorist or members of criminal organizations were usually being applied by government forces in the United States, European Union, and Australia. As a result, human rights were violated as a result of these abusive practices that have led to public scandal due to an inhuman practice towards undocumented immigrants (Doleac Stein, 2013). Reference Doleac, Jennifer L. Stein, Luke C.D. (2013).  The Visible Hand: Race and Online Market Outcomes.  The Economic Journal.  123  (572): F469–F492.

International marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International marketing - Essay Example However, globalization has not diminished social and cultural differences across markets which suggest that marketing communication strategy needs to address these differences when communicating across cultures. Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture are the most widely applied theory in understanding national and international markets. This paper argues that the concepts of self, personality and identity differ across culture which in turn influences advertising strategy across different markets. However, advertising strategy cannot solely be based on Hofstede’s dimensions of culture. Other factors and variables could also influence the advertising appeals. It is essential to understand how advertising works in different cultures and to understand this, the advertising value has to be perceived in the right manner. Consumers and Cultural dimensions Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people fr om another (Hofstede, 1990). National culture differentiates one nation from another but within the national culture several subcultures may exist. Consumers differ not only in their lifestyle, beliefs, attitudes and buying habits and at the root of all these, is the difference in culture. Cultural values actually represent the core beliefs of the society. It also includes education, religion and the physical environment. Attitudes develop over time and can change with age and education. In personal communication verbal and body language both can difference across cultures. Understanding cultural differences is a prerequisite for international advertising as a culture’s values are reflected in its advertising (Aillaud & Hahnel, 2006; Chang et al, 2009; Alozie, 2010). Culture and advertising Culture and advertising are inherently related and beliefs towards advertising differ across cultures (Liu et al, 2011). Advertising represents a special type of mass media discourse where verbal and non-verbal messages are unified into a single entity (Ustinova, 2008). Advertising merges the voices of authority and intimacy as they are constrained by the need to fulfill the wishes of their clients. Advertising is closely related to culture and must be adapted to meet the consumer’s needs. Tastes and desires may have become homogenous; values and needs have not become universal (Cemalovic, 2009). Cultural differences continue to exist in language, customs, and habits which heighten the importance of localizing the marketing strategy. Cultural values are an integral part of the consumer’s self. Therefore, for advertisements to be effective, they should be centered on the customer. Mental and social processes also make a difference in how advertisements are perceived (Mooij & Hofstede, 2010). Mental processes are internal – how people learn, perceive and process messages. Social processes include motivation and emotions. Both these processes affect mass communication and interpersonal communication which in turn impact the advertising appeals and advertising style. Advertising appeal and culture While designing advertisements the consumers must be focused upon. Culture influences various elements of consumer behavior and each of these have to be considered by the marketers when designing advertisements. Consumers differ in how they process information and perceive the message. Advertising appeals are specific approaches that marketers use to communicate

Constitutional & Administrative Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Constitutional & Administrative Law - Essay Example Political scientists refer to this law as "Organic", due to the fact that it has been "evolving" over time from its medieval origins. It has been observed that, this flexibility makes it responsive to political and social change, especially through political principles expressed in conventions. Until recently there was no modern statute or document that attempted to codify the rights of citizens in the UK, despite the fact that there is the tradition of freedom of speech and other rights in the UK, common law precedents being the main source of "rights". Common law has been remedied in recent years, with the incorporation of some important written sources, such as European Union law and the European Convention on Human Rights. These laws has formally granted the citizens of UK with rights that were previously lacking in the legal system. These sources are enacted in the European Communities Act 1972 and Human Rights Act 1998, respectively. Different opinions has come up from people on different walks of life on these changes. Some argue that these developments, and the Labour government's reforms from 1997, have improved the constitution, despite the lack of a central, written, entrenched constitutional document. Labour's reform programme has conducted many reforms, including the Human Rights Act, devolution to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, partial reform of the House of Lords and a Freedom of Information Act. Parliamentary Sovereignty, is often called as a particularly elusive concept, is the paramount Principle in the United Kingdom's unwritten constitution and Dicey's (Dicey, AV, An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution) legal theory holds that, "Parliament has the right to make or unmake any law whatever"; and that "no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament." Sir William Wade (Wade HWR, "The Basis of Legal Sovereignty") takes the definition further by stating that: "there is one and only one, limit to Parliament's legal power: it cannot detract from its own continuing sovereignty." (Jennings, I, (1959), The Law and the Constitution, 5thedn, chapter 4) In the recent times, the political supremacy of Parliament in UK has been affected by membership of international organisations such as NATO and the IMF, the legal sovereignty, in that Parliament alone makes the law, has notionally, remained absolute. The introduction of the European Communities Act 1972 (ECA 1972) and the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA 1998) into our domestic law, has to a large extent raised questions about the consequences on that 'absolute' legal sovereignty. Here let us consider the constitutional implications of both these Acts and analyse their impact on the principle of Parliamentary Sovereignty. With the inclusion of UK in the European Community, by virtue of the Treaty of Accession in 1972, it so happened that, Parliament recognised that as a condition of membership, thereby, it had necessarily limited its own sovereign authority by effectively 'pooling sovereignty' with the other Member states.( Costa v ENEL and Amministrazione delle Finanze dello

HR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HR - Essay Example ations on the base pay, which include external competition, employee equity, the Equal Pay Act of 1970, communication strategy, and use of point-factor rating and definition and evaluation of benchmark jobs. In the contingency pay reward structure, the main proposal is to disregard the current system in place (contribution pay) with a combination of Competence Related Pay and Individual Performance Related Pay reward schemes. The section also proposes several cost-cutting measures and exercises. Part three of the report highlights the non-financial rewards and an overall reward recommendation, including learning and development, performance management, career development, and work environment. Part four of the report contains all the possible alternative retention plans and cost cutting strategies that are applicable in MB’s environment, including Employment Stock Ownership Plan, time extension of paying bonuses, and enhancement of job designations. The fifth and final part of the business report concludes with specific recommendations on a cost-effective reward structure for MB that will enhance the commitment of the workers, raise the morale of the employees, and thus increase the profitability of the company. The combination of low profitability, a lack of performance culture, low morale, and commitment in MB is the result of embedded complacent attitude, irrelevant reward structure, and multiple shortcomings in HR practices multiplied by too hierarchical structure and remote location of departments from each other and the Head Office. The changes offered below are vital to stay afloat. 1. Increasingly popular in job evaluation is a method of combining of two analytical schemes: using point-factor rating to define and evaluate benchmark jobs (jobs which can be used as points of comparison for others), and evaluating the remaining jobs by means of analytical matching (Armstrong pg 254 - 263) 2. External competitiveness: it is necessary to operate exact

Critically Evaluate the Competitiveness of the International Essay

Critically Evaluate the Competitiveness of the International Hospitality Industry in the Context of Globalization - Essay Example The advancements in information technology have made it more convenient for hotels, restaurants, and the hospitality industry to gain access to a wider audience and a wider consumer base. With these considerations, this paper shall critically evaluate the competitiveness of the international hospitality industry in the context of globalization. A discussion on the globalization drivers shall first be laid out followed by a discussion on the following aspects: the impact of globalization, impact of transnational companies and multinational companies and deregulation, impact of globalization on SMEs, taxation and economic leakage, inequality in globalization, and the future of the hospitality industry. Body Globalization drivers The competitiveness of the international hospitality industry in the context of globalization is impacted by different factors. One of these factors includes the globalization drivers, which are mainly, cost, market, government, and competitive drivers. Market drivers for globalization are very much based on common customer needs, and are also based on global market channels and global customers (University of Kentucky, n.d). The strength of market drivers are evaluated from a range of multidomestic markets to the global market. For example, the market for specific foods or cuisines would likely find greater success in the local or domestic setting; however, the market for automobiles, computers, and hotels, fast food chains can be high on the global scale (University of Kentucky, n.d). Cost drivers are also drivers for globalization and include elements which relate to global-sized economies, including source efficiencies, production differences, high production development costs, as well as rapidly shifting technologies (Jager, 2009). The Science Initiative Group Institute for Advanced Study (2007) discusses that globalization is driven by cost which is largely based on the economic conditions of organizations. The persistent pressures on the â€Å"economies of scale, advances in technology, and increasing cost of product development are factors that are relevant in this grouping† (Summers, 2005, p. 284). The emergence of innovations adapted by those involved in the hospitality industry determines the costs incurred, and thereby impacts significantly on the call for globalization. In this case, advances in the manner of doing business, including internet availability and advertisements impact on trade costs, prompting other businessmen in the hospitality industry to consider these same innovations (Whitla, Walters, and Davies, 2007). The actions of these drivers are based on other competitors (Summers, 2005). Elements which include increased world trade, new global markets, growth of global economies, and the increased number of competitors all impact on this driver, triggering considerations of globalization (Summers, 2005). Increasing competition among corporations and businesses in the hope of winning ov er customer consumption preferences has also prompted many corporations to improve the marketability of their products. Current trends in most products include the digitalization trends, where most products have now shifted towards digital versions –

International Management and Cross-Cultural Competence Essay

International Management and Cross-Cultural Competence - Essay Example Hofstede analyses and defines uniqueness and peculiarities of world cultures and their impact on business relations. The Globe pays a special attention to leadership and organizational practices taken place on the global scale. One common understanding, however, seems to be that it is related to human values one way or the other and, like culture, interest in human values dates back many years. It should go without saying, but corporations consist of people. The Globe project investigates relationships and communication between employees and the global community. However, people are often not objectively rational and, even if they should fit such a model, they should be in there from the start (The Globe Project, 2008). Competition is a challenge to any participating firm. This challenge cannot be taken on by new technology and economic resources alone. Technological innovation and resource allocation (as all organizational activities) are results of human processes. Few leaders poss ess all the attributes, and many nonleaders may possess many or even most of them. Also, the attribute approach gives no guidance as to how much of each characteristic a person should have. The relations of the Global to Hofstede cultural dimensions can be explained by the fact that managers in a firm (as well as other employees), be they leaders or not, have a culture (not only from the national level) which is more or less shared and common. This fact influences, often implicitly, how they manage themselves and other employees, and how they conduct their business, for example, decisions they make about the organization's relationship with its environment and about its strategy. It seems as if culture is having a major effect on the success of the business, somehow. It is common to read statements such as 'the well-run corporations of the world have distinctive cultures that are somehow responsible for their ability to create, implement, and maintain their world leadership positions' However, drawing the conclusion from this that a strong and pervasive culture, directed by formal decree, means business success is not correct, as mentioned previously. At a somewhat dee per level lie the hidden values and assumptions -- the fundamental drives and beliefs behind all decisions and actions. In a business context, this understanding pertains, say, to the importance of listening to peers, what stakeholders to prioritize, the nature of the environment and what learning and progress is all about (Hofstede Cultural Dimensions 2008). In sum, the Globe project uses Hofstede's theory to investigate and analyze current leadership and organizational trends and create a unique vision of modern business culture and human relations. The actual content of the culture and the degree to which it relates to the environment (present or future) seem like the critical variables here, not strength, pervasiveness or direction. People have come to understand that culture is shared, no matter how it is defined. A key issue in discussing culture is then how deep-seated it is. The degree to which a culture is conscious and open rather than nonconscious and covered has implications for how easily a culture can be studied and, in a business management context, be managed. Works Cited The Globe Project. 2008. Hofstede Cultural

Causes and Effects of Advertisement for Blood Donations Essay

Causes and Effects of Advertisement for Blood Donations - Essay Example The advertisement like distributing leaflets and posters or involving charismatic personalities in these campaigns is required to invite and encourage people for saving the life. It is also necessary for raising awareness of the side effects of transfusion of blood while using unhealthy methods. The Advertisement for Blood Donations have the very positive effect on the economy and also on the lives of people in the society. Generating the sense of satisfaction: Advertisement on Print and Electronic media is important for generating the sense of satisfaction in people when they are going to donate their blood, encouraging them in that their donated blood is most important for those who are in a critical condition. It can be done through awareness brochures, posters and arranging camps at colleges and universities for the donation of blood. Music concerts and fashion shows help in the collection of blood. Creation of the environment for the donation of blood: Advertisement can create the environment in the country for the encouragement of blood donation. Voluntary or unpaid blood donators can be facilitated by giving them one day rest for the recovery. In practice, creating the similar environment in the country can be achieved through government intervention and support for advertisements for the donation of blood. In Slovenia, an employee may be absent from work on the day of donation. Similarly, in Malta, employers are encouraged to allow their staff the required time off to donate blood (Commission on the European Communities, 2006). In the instance, the donation is paid, then the donator is compensated. Refreshments for the donators: In order to foster this culture for the donation of blood, it is important that large businesses should invest their resources under corporate social responsibility. For instance, organizations can provide incentives and healthy alternatives to donators in order to attract them, thus, encouraging them to contribute to this major cause.  Ã‚  

International Management and Cross-Cultural Competence Essay

International Management and Cross-Cultural Competence - Essay Example Hofstede analyses and defines uniqueness and peculiarities of world cultures and their impact on business relations. The Globe pays a special attention to leadership and organizational practices taken place on the global scale. One common understanding, however, seems to be that it is related to human values one way or the other and, like culture, interest in human values dates back many years. It should go without saying, but corporations consist of people. The Globe project investigates relationships and communication between employees and the global community. However, people are often not objectively rational and, even if they should fit such a model, they should be in there from the start (The Globe Project, 2008). Competition is a challenge to any participating firm. This challenge cannot be taken on by new technology and economic resources alone. Technological innovation and resource allocation (as all organizational activities) are results of human processes. Few leaders poss ess all the attributes, and many nonleaders may possess many or even most of them. Also, the attribute approach gives no guidance as to how much of each characteristic a person should have. The relations of the Global to Hofstede cultural dimensions can be explained by the fact that managers in a firm (as well as other employees), be they leaders or not, have a culture (not only from the national level) which is more or less shared and common. This fact influences, often implicitly, how they manage themselves and other employees, and how they conduct their business, for example, decisions they make about the organization's relationship with its environment and about its strategy. It seems as if culture is having a major effect on the success of the business, somehow. It is common to read statements such as 'the well-run corporations of the world have distinctive cultures that are somehow responsible for their ability to create, implement, and maintain their world leadership positions' However, drawing the conclusion from this that a strong and pervasive culture, directed by formal decree, means business success is not correct, as mentioned previously. At a somewhat dee per level lie the hidden values and assumptions -- the fundamental drives and beliefs behind all decisions and actions. In a business context, this understanding pertains, say, to the importance of listening to peers, what stakeholders to prioritize, the nature of the environment and what learning and progress is all about (Hofstede Cultural Dimensions 2008). In sum, the Globe project uses Hofstede's theory to investigate and analyze current leadership and organizational trends and create a unique vision of modern business culture and human relations. The actual content of the culture and the degree to which it relates to the environment (present or future) seem like the critical variables here, not strength, pervasiveness or direction. People have come to understand that culture is shared, no matter how it is defined. A key issue in discussing culture is then how deep-seated it is. The degree to which a culture is conscious and open rather than nonconscious and covered has implications for how easily a culture can be studied and, in a business management context, be managed. Works Cited The Globe Project. 2008. Hofstede Cultural

Pathos, Ethos, and Logos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pathos, Ethos, and Logos - Essay Example In his letter, Jefferson uses Pathos, Ethos, and Logos to argue his point of view. This is a strong, well-written letter. Pathos is used by pointing out the millions of trafficked humans. Ethos is used by Jefferson’s reference to his belonging to the Human Rights Watch. Logos is used by appealing to specific problems like the lack of statistics and definitions. This letter is impressive mostly on the Ethos and Logos to persuade the reader to understand his point of views. Jefferson makes the reader feel angry and disappointed by the lack of research and measures done by the United States when some countries fail to address trafficking. â€Å"Trafficking is a blatant violation of human rights and is almost universally condemned, yet many countries are failing to address this problem seriously† (Jefferson). He creates emotion to the readers, so they can get the message he wants to share. This is an appeal through Pathos. Jefferson does not show real anger in his letter because it was written for the Secretary of State, so due respect must be given. This is the lack of Pathos from Jefferson’s letter. Although the reader can feel the anger and disappointment, it is not clear enough. One or two sentences appeal to the Pathos, but mostly logos and ethos were used. An example of one sentence is as follows, â€Å"trafficking is a widespread human rights violation that threatens the lives, health, dignity, and security of millions of people thr oughout the world, with women and children suffering the brunt of the abuses† (Jefferson). Despite this plea, Jefferson does not use many others. It seems that Jefferson was relying on Powell’s knowledge on the subject, not his emotions. Although Jefferson’s letter has lack of emotion, the credibility of his letter is really impressive. He used Ethos to strengthen his argument. Frequently Jefferson refers to Human Rights Watch when stating a request or opinion instead of asserting it on his

Fidel Castro In Cuban Missile Crisis History Essay

Fidel Castro In Cuban Missile Crisis History Essay Scope: The investigation will focus in assessing the importance and significance of Fidel Castros role in the Missile Crisis of 1962. Method: Castros degree of significance will be evaluated through his roles in chronological stages of the Cuban Missile Crisis, along with the reference to the superpowers. The chronological stages of roles of Castro will be divided by the background stage with the alliance between USSR, the climax stage with the shoot down of American U-2 plane and nuclear attack suggestion, and by the ending stage with the resolution in the Cuban Missile Crisis. Summary of Evidence Background Stage Invasions of US and Cubas alliance with USSR -The break up between Castro and US was already expected by the US invasion Bay of Pigs of Cuba in 1961, where US supported Cuban counter-reactionaries to overthrow Castro. -As the invasion failed, it caused Castro to form alliance with USSR, fearing further invasions of US to overthrow him. -Castros fear came to real when Cuban intelligence spotted the US activities that eventually led to Operation Mongoose in early 1962, which was another invasion designed by US to overthrow Castro. -However, as a new alliance of Cuba and Castro, USSR promised and proposed for the plan for the protection of Cuban regime, which was to ship install nuclear warheads to Cuban territory, before US would find out about it. -Castro welcomed Khrushchevs plan, and the USSR shipped their nuclear warheads to Cuba in stealthy manner, avoiding eyes of US. Initial Stage Nuclear Missiles in Cuba -It was in October 1962 that US intelligence finally found out about Soviet nuclear warheads, which were already shipped to Cuba and were in the preparation for use. -The Cuban Missile Crisis begins on 22. Oct. 1962 as US President Kennedy officially announces that numerous number of USSR nuclear warheads sites, suggesting the possibility of nuclear attack against US. -With the broadcast in the public, Kennedy quickly responded by implementing naval blockade of Cuba, and tried diplomatic negotiations with USSR to reduce the tension of the superpowers with the removal of the nuclear warheads in Cuba. -However, even in the negotiations, numerous tension-heightening incidents occurred to blur the improving relationship between the superpowers, and the danger of nuclear war emerges. Climax Stage U-2 Airplane/Castros Demand of Nuclear Strike -In the midst of negotiations between USSR and US, one of the incidents occurred, which was the shoot down of U-2 US Airplane on 27. Oct. 1962. -At the time, US and USSR believed the incident was the action of Castro, ordering anti-aircraft artillery to shoot down U-2 airplane on the day. -However, it was discovered that it was the action of USSR solider that shot down the U-2 airplane, not Castro. Soviet soldiers shot down the U-2 airplane without the order from Castro. -In addition to U-2 Airplane, another incident during the negotiations was that Castro sent letter to Khrushchev, suggesting a first nuclear strike on US. -Castros action stunned Khrushchev, and from that time, Khrushchev sorted him as young and emotionally charged man who was too inexperienced. Ending Stage Resolution of Crisis and Negotiations -Despite tension-heightening actions during the negotiations, the Cuban Missile Crisis was heading towards the end. -Mutual solution was achieved by the proposal message of Khrushchev on 26. Oct. 1962, and by the acceptance response of Kennedy in 27. Oct. 1962. -The solution was concluded that USSR would depart nuclear warheads out of Cuba under UN supervision, and in return, US would dismiss naval blockade of island and promise never to invade Cuba again. -On 28. Oct. 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis came to an end as Moscow broadcasted that Khrushchev has decided to de-install nuclear bases in Cuba and return them to USSR. -However, throughout the whole period of negotiation of the Crisis, the table of negotiation involved only two superpowers, leaving out Castro. -The resolution of the Cuban Missile Crisis was a shock and humiliation to Castro, as he was not given rights to speak for he has been excluded from the negotiations. Evaluation of Sources Analysis Firstly, in the background stage of Cuban Missile Crisis, the role of Castro seems to be influential with the reasons being that he has made successful alliance with USSR and consented to its plan, thereby bringing in nuclear warheads for the sole purpose of protecting Castros government against US. Nevertheless, the significance of Castros role may be limited since it is difficult to see Khrushchevs purpose of alliance with the supply of nuclear warheads as a plan to simply protect Castro and Cuba from US. Within a big picture, it is more likely that USSR is trying to maintain the balance of power of the superpowers, because USSR was in imbalance of strategy with US before the Cuban Missile Crisis, for US was surrounding USSR military bases in the region of Turkey. Therefore, USSRs sending nuclear missiles is to let US learn what it is like to have their land and people put in danger. Moreover, the superpowers secret negotiation in Oct 1962 in which USSR would take back nuclear when US promises to remove blockade of USSR military bases in Turkey makes it more clear that the USSR alliance and supply of nuclear warheads to Cuba are more reasonable when they reflected by USSRs sole interests rather than of Castros. Secondly, in the climax stage of Cuban Missile Crisis, which was during late October 1962, US U-2 airplane was shot down in Cuba. Castro was suspected as in taking his role in crashing US U-2 airplane, as Khrushchev notes that Fidel Castro gave orders to USSR soldiers to put down US U-2 airplane. The role that Castro played in the Cuban Missile Crisis would have been significantly large as it would end the diplomatic negotiations around the Crisis and start a total confrontation of nuclear weapons between the superpowers. However, after further investigation, as it is proven that Soviet soldiers crashed U-2 airplane with no orders from Castro, his role in the Crisis cannot be given any significance as he has not taken any action. Furthermore, role of Castro is related with his suggestion to USSR to launch first nuclear strike attack on US. However, not only was his role proven to be insignificant as Khrushchev rejected to accommodate his suggestion of plan, but Castros over-eagerness in advocating nuclear war ironically reminded Khrushchev of the significance of preserving the peace of the world, thereby contributing to the peaceful outcome by the crisis resolution in 26,27th Oct 1962. Lastly, in the ending stage with the resolution of the crisis and negotiations, Castros exclusion from the USSR-US negotiations of the Cuban Missile Crisis is the crucial indication that shows political insignificance of Castro in the role of the Crisis. Because Castro was not invited, there is no influence from his voice that would have shaped the outcome of the negotiations in the Crisis. Castro was informed of Khrushchevs announcement of removal of all nuclear warheads and the end of the Cuban Missile Crisis on the radio after the day of the negotiations, just like everyone else in the world. This suggests that to the behalf of USSR and US, in the concern of the Cuban Missile Crisis, Castro was significant no more than just an ordinary Cuban citizen. Many US politicians at the time of the Crisis agree upon the fact that Cuba was just a background setting for the US-USSR confrontation. Indeed, Castro could not take any significant role in the Crisis because the conflict was solely between the United States and the Soviet Union.  [1]   On the other hand, however, Khrushchev mentioned in the memoir that Cuban Castro actually played important role in the Cuban Missile Crisis. Khrushchev states that Castro was fully responsible for the crash of U-2 airplane, and his support of nuclear war has encouraged and made USSR to consider about launching an unexpected attack on US. However, as it has been found out that the crash of U-2 plane did not involve Castro in any aspect, and that Khrushchev has made such statements without specific and clear details in his memoir, it is hard to accept that Castro was significant in his role of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Conclusion Throughout the whole stages of the Cuban Missile Crisis from the background to the ending, the role of Castro has been overshadowed by the roles of USSR and US. In the background stage, it was Khrushchev who planned and carried out the shipment of nuclear warheads into Cuba to trigger the crisis. Also, in the climax stage, Castros possible significant role in U-2 airplane shoot down was proven to be wrong as Castro has found to be unrelated with the incident. As Bonsal argues, the Cuban Missile Crisis was a conflict that only involved USSR and US. The view is justified as we look into possibilities that Khrushchev has deployed his nuclear warheads for different motives other than to protect Castro from US and when we consider Castros exclusion from the negotiation table. In conclusion, the extent of Fidel Castros significance in his role in the Cuban Missile Crisis is absolutely limited. Castro, Fidel, and Ignacio Ramonet. Fidel Castro: My Life: A Spoken Autobiography. New York: Scribner, 2008. Print. Coltman, Leycester. The Real Fidel Castro. 1st ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003. Print. Connolly, Sean. Castro: A Beginners Guide. London: Hodder Headline, 2002. Print. Dobbs, Michael. One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War. New York: Knopf, 2008. Print. Griffiths, John. The Cuban Missile Crisis. Vero Beach, Florida: Rourke Pub Group, 1987. Print. Kagan, Donald. On the Origins of War: And the Preservation of Peace. New York: Anchor, 1996. Print. Kennedy, Robert F.. Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crises. New York: Signet, 1983. Print. Skierka, Volker. Fidel Castro: A Biography. University Park, PA: Polity, 2004. Print. Taubman, William. Khrushchev: The Man and His Era. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 2003. Print. Winters, Paul A.. Historys Great Defeats The Cold War (Historys Great Defeats). 1 ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Lucent Books, 2000. Print.

Characterization of Rachel Through the Use of Literary Techniques in Ci

Characterization of Rachel Through the Use of Literary Techniques in Cisneros’ Eleven Sandra Cisneros writes a memoir through the eyes of an eleven year old. Turning eleven happens to be a tragic day for the main character, Rachel. Through various literary techniques such as hyperbole, simile, and syntax, Rachel is characterized. Rachel is a fresh turning eleven year old who finds herself in an awful situation on her birthday. Forced to wear a raggedy old sweater that doesn’t belong to her, she makes it defiantly clear her feelings towards the clothing item, and we see this through use of hyperboles. Rachel describes the sweater as ugly and too â€Å"stretched out like you could use it for a jump rope.† This extreme exaggeration demonstrates the fire within Rachel. She is a defiant and pouty little girl who out of stubbornness has to defy the sweater in her mind. â€Å"It’s maybe a thousand years old†, she says to herself in act to degrade the filthy red sweater even more. The sweater to Rachel has become an eternal battle of ages. She is t orn on whether or not to stand up and act bigger th...

Shakespeare’s King Lear Essay -- essays research papers fc

Multiple Viewpoints of Shakespeare’s King Lear Shakespeare’s King Lear is a tragic about an aging King of Britain and his three daughters. When it comes time to divide his kingdom, he puts his daughters through a test to prove how much they love him. The two older daughters, Goneril and Regan, give King Lear flattering answers and therefore receive great amounts of finer land. The third and youngest daughter, Cordilia, says that she has no words to describe how much she loves her father. King Lear becomes enraged with Cordilia and disowns her and gives her no land. The rest of the play tells the story of how the two older daughters become corrupt and get greedy. King Leer is thrown out of his own house by his daughters and begins his decline into madness. This plot has lead to the development of different interpretations and versions of the play. These slants change the setting and viewpoint of the play, but not the basic plot and story line. Shakespeare sets up King Leer as a tragedy. The play is meant to be very dramatic and done with lots of emotion. This can be seen when King Leer is having his rage with the storm as well as when he finds his daughter Cordilia dead. He begins to slip in and out of madness once again. This same drama is tried to be displayed in the slant of Shakespeare’s King Lear, King of Texas. The director of King of Texas, Ulrich Edel, a director from Neuenburg am Rhein, Germany, has directed many movies, television shows, as well as television mini series since 1984. Ulrich Edel also has some experience with Shakespeare before. In 2002 he directed the television mini series on USA, Julius Caesar. Ulrich Edel selects a cast that also has some excellent credentials. Patrick Stewart plays the lead of John Leer in the movie. Patrick Stewart is famous for being Captain Jean-Luc Picard on Star Trek the Next Generation, which ran from 1987-1994. Stewart also has extensive Shakespeare experience. He joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1966, to begin 27-year association. Patrick Stewart in supported by Marcia Gay Harden, Oscar-nominated for "Pollock†, Lauren Holly, and Julie Cox. All of these actors and actresses along with Ulrich Edel’s credentials bring good credibility to the movie. The movie itself was nominated and won some awards. Patrick Stewart was nominated for a ... ... very good job of this, however many people of the audience said it helped them relate more to King Lear after watching the movie. Although the details of the movie may not have been up to par with most, it seemed to entertain and be enjoyed by the audience. King of Texas is only one viewpoint on King Lear. This version can be taken as just a movie to entertain or a slant on Shakespeare’s King Leer. Works Cited Halio, Jay L., ed. Critical Essays on Shakespeare’s King Lear. New York: Prentice Hall International, 1996. â€Å"King of Texas.† Culture Vulture. September 21, 1998. 2 March 2005. http://www.culturevulture.net/Movies4/KingofTexas.htm â€Å"King of Texas.† IMBD. 2 March 2005. http://imdb.com/title/tt0282659/ â€Å"King of Texas.† American Western Magazine. 2 March 2005. http://www.readthewest.com/FilmTNTkingoftexas2002.html â€Å"King of Texas.† Amazon. 2 March 2005. http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B00007AJFY/qid=1109863409/sr=8-1/ref=pd_csp_1/104-4653801-4063160?v=glance&s=dvd&n=507846#product-details Quinn, Edward G., ed. William Shakespeare’s King Lear. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1970.

Algurashi Company

Designing and Planning are two factors that exist before a project comes into operation. Since the two processes are subject to the object we design or plan, it is clear that the specific guidelines may vary in reality. For example, people who intend to build a bridge might have different tools and requirement then ones who intend to build a theatre. Hence, in construction management, the requirement for tendering a project is different from others. There are many particular products in construction management such as roads, offices, apartments, hotels, factories, and houses.Meanwhile, the activities in the industry involve building a completely new structure or merely modifications of existing ones. Concerning the construction business, this paper will discuss about the application of a concept to the start-up of a construction and/or real estate development company. This paper acts as a preliminary proposal for starting new construction company, named Algurashi Company. 2. Segment( s) of construction industry The development of economy has increased the demands for many kinds of buildings to fulfill retail and corporate customers.However, in general, there are three major segments in construction business; they are general contractors or building contractors that build various kinds of building such as industrial, residential/homes, and commercial buildings (U. S. Department of Labor: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2005). Second type of contractors is civil engineering contractors. They duty involves the development and build of bridges, roads, sewers, and highways, to name a few. The Third type is special trade contractors.This contractor conducts activities that occurs during the construction activities such as electrical set up and installation, plumbing, painting etcetera (U. S. Department of Labor: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2005). Concerning type of contractors, Algurashi Company is a construction company that acts as a general contractor especially servin g the residential/homes buildings. The reason of this choice is because the number of residential building grows at faster rate than commercial buildings and customers may change or perform home renovation several times to fulfill their needs. 3. Phases of the development processThe most interesting part in conducting residential construction industry is the products are heavily customized and thus it will give Algurashi Company many experience of dealing with different kind of customers and home designs. Therefore, Algurashi Company will be a general contractor that both design and build residential buildings. However, in the first step, Algurashi Company will focus on building residential building and works with several home designers (architects). At the next stage, the company may obtain some qualified architects to join the company to provide or more complete services to customers.Since greater revenue comes from providing services to customers/home owners, at later stage, when Algurashi Company has developed housing that composes of teens or hundreds houses or apartments, the company may become the property management as well that provides the company with monthly revenue. However, during the development process, Algurashi Company must carefully take their steps in developing their business especially concerning the financing scheme to fund the company’s operation. Another challenging step for start-ups is to gather a sum of money to fund their operational cost as well as the capital expenditure.If entrepreneurs develop start-ups with valuable experience in conducting business in other firm, it is just the matter of creating a good business proposal to attract investors. There are various source of funding available for start-ups such as personal saving, family members, banks’ loan, and venture capitalists. Personal saving is the least risky way since it does not provide any interest. While venture capitalist is a professional investors who may be in charge of a large pool of capital gathered from a range of sources (Isidro, 2004). 4. Type of company formationSince construction business requires a huge amount of money, Algurashi Company would be better to set up joint ventures with other company. By definition, joint venture is a contractual agreement between two or more companies to form a new company aims at executing a particular business undertaking. In this business model, all signed parties commit to share in the profits and losses of the company (WebFinance, 2005). There are at least three benefits of forming a joint venture as a way to expanding business and grab new opportunities as following:? Providing the new company (joint venture) with opportunity to grab new capacity and expertise ? Allowing the new company to explore business opportunities in new geographic market or obtain new technological knowledge ? Offering the new company with creative ways of doing business out of core competence (Kotelnikov, 20 01) 5. Organization chart/duties Following figure is the organization structure for the Algurashi Company. This proposed organization takes into account strengths and benefits of possible joint venture in the future in order to perform well in the new company. Reference:Isidro, Isabel M. (2003). How to Raise Money to Start a Business. PowerHomeBiz. com. Retrieved September 28, 2007 from http://www. powerhomebiz. com/vol8/HowtoRaise. htm Kotelnikov, Vadim. (2001). Joint Ventures (JVs). Retrieved September 28, 2007 from http://www. 1000ventures. com/business_guide/jv_main. html U. S. Department of Labor: Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2005). Construction. Retrieved September 28, 2007 from http://www. bls. gov/oco/cg/cgs003. htm WebFinance. (2005). Joint Venture. Retrieved September 28, 2007 from http://www. investorwords. com/2671/joint_venture. html